Choose backpacks based on capacity

Backpacks are large bags that must be prepared for the first time to carry logistics. Backpack capacity is so diverse and the basis for the best decisions to choose is the type of expedition and the length of the trip. These logistics carriers have very varied capacities, ranging from 16 liters to 105 liters.

Each backpack also has a different design to adjust capacity and usage including the number of frames, materials used, arrangement of compartments, closing systems, locking methods, and others.

Capacity of 16-35 liters for rock climbing

This small capacity backpack is commonly referred to as a daypack commonly used by rock climbers to carry equipment. Light logistics will not make it difficult for you to do climbing tasks.

Capacity of 35-50 liters for 2 days of hiking

Hiking backpacks with a capacity of 35-50 liters are considered sufficient in hiking or climbing mountains to accommodate clothing, food and drinking water in less than two days' journey.

A 35 liter capacity bag is more suitable if you stay in mountain hut compared to a tent. If you do hiking in the rainy season you should use a 50 liter capacity to more accommodate equipment including additional clothing.

Capacity of 50-80 liters for 3-5 days of hiking

Hiking backpacks for trips of 3 to 5 days must accommodate other additional equipment including tents, mattresses, cooking utensils, sleeping bags, flysheets, and medicines that may have a total weight of 10-20 kilograms.

Basic equipment such as clothes, food and drinking water is also more than hiking for 2 days. If you are hiking in the rainy season you should use an 80 liter capacity to accommodate additional equipment including clothing, food and additional fuel.

Capacity of 80-105 liters for long expeditions and alpine climbing

The capacity of 80-100 liters must be prepared for long-term trips or alpine expeditions. Long-term expeditions include the opening of new forest lanes for forest climbing or exploration that have never been done.

You must bring a sleeping bag cover, tent cover, headlamp, backup battery, and various other things if needed in an emergency situation. Bags with a capacity of more than 105 liters are hard to find, but are generally widely used for military operations.

Javan mocca or Javan slender caesar (Amanita javanica)

OPINION - Javan mocca or Javan slender caesar ( Amanita javanica ) is a mysterious fungus species and has been enigmatic since it was first reported by Boedijn in 1951 and after that no explanation or reporting of specimens is believed to be the same as expected. Boedijn (1951) described A. javanica which grew on Java island as having the characteristics covered in the Amanita genus. Corner and Bas in 1962 tried to describe Javan mocca and all species in Amanita based on specimens in Singapore. Over time some reports say that they have found A. javanica specimens in other Southeast Asia including also China, Japan, India and Nepal. But there is no definitive knowledge and many doubt whether the specimen is the same as described by Boedijn (1951). I was fortunate to have seen this species one afternoon and soon I took out a camera for some shots. In fact, I've only met this mushroom species once. Javan mocca is an endangered species and I have never seen in my experience in...

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) manufacture bubble-nets as tools to increase prey intake

NEWS - Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) create bubble net tools while foraging, consisting of internal tangential rings, and actively control the number of rings, their size, depth and horizontal spacing between the surrounding bubbles. These structural elements of the net increase prey intake sevenfold. Researchers have known that humpback whales create “bubble nets” for hunting, but the new report shows that the animals also manipulate them in a variety of ways to maximize catches. The behavior places humpbacks among the rare animals that make and use their own tools. “Many animals use tools to help them find food, but very few actually make or modify these tools themselves,” said Lars Bejder, director of the Marine Mammal Research Program (MMRP), University of Hawaii at Manoa. “Humpback whales in southeast Alaska create elaborate bubble nets to catch krill. They skillfully blow bubbles in patterns that form a web with internal rings. They actively control details such ...

Javanese grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Wooden grasshopper or Javanese grasshopper ( Valanga nigricornis ) is an animal species of Acrididae, grasshoppers that have at least 18 subspecies, insects with very wide diversity in color and size, sexual dimorphism in which females are larger in size and paler in color. V. nigricornis in males has a length of 45-55 millimeters and females 15-75 mm. The head is square and green or yellow or brown or black in color. A pair of antennas has a black color. The eyes are large and gray or white or brownish. The hind legs are very large and have a green or yellow or brown or black color, plain or brindle. The limbs have two rows of large and long spines with black tips facing backward. The wings have a length exceeding the belly, a rough surface and are brown or green or yellow or black in color with pulse lines forming spaces filled with black color. The hind wings are rose red which will be visible when flying. Nymphs are pale green or yellow or brown or blackish in color. Javanese gr...

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