Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea)

Biduri or sidaguri or crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) is a shrub plant in Asclepiadoideae, up to 4 meters high, generally growing in tropical and subtropical climates, growing up to 900 meters above sea level, capable of living in dry areas and high salt content.

C. gigantea has thick and rough skin, brownish brown, green twigs and may have white fur. The single leaf has a size of about 30x25 cm, pale green, elliptical with a blunt tip, arranged opposite, the surface has white hair and starchy.

Flowers come in March to October, five thick petals, measuring 1x1 cm, predominantly white and purple at the ends. The petals are surrounded by five small triangular shaped sepals, dirty white and five purple stamens. The fruit is round with a size of 15x10 cm, if it is split it will remove white tufts of hair.

Biduri has roots with a bulge at the top, hard, outer skin grayish yellow and the inside is yellowish white. If one part is slashed, it will emit runny sap that is white, chelate, smelly and poisonous.

Crown flower has several secondary metabolites including usharin, alpha and beta-calotropeol, fatty acids, tetracyclic triterpenes, giganteol, kardenolida calotropin, α-amirin, taraxasterol, β-sitosterol, α-amyrin methylbutazone, α-amirin acetate, β-amirin acetate, lupeol acetate, flavonol glycoside.

Akundarol, uscharidin, kalotropon, frugoside, kalaktin, kalotoxin, kalotropagenin, benzoilisoline-lon, benzoillineolone, flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, coumarin, terpenes, alcohols, resins, kalotropeols, uzarigenin and voruscharin.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Asclepiadeae
Subtribe: Asclepiadinae
Genus: Calotropis
Species: Calotropis gigantea

Liverwort (Marchantia)

Liverwort ( Marchantia ) is a genus of plants in the Marchantiaceae, growing vines and attached to the soil surface, soft, dark green, upright phallus like a cup, grows in colonies on slopes and vertical soil that is moist and shady. Marchantia has elongated strands, rounded ends, branched, flat margins and a black vein in the middle. The strands formed a circular formation, growing widely and forming new formations around it. Sexual reproduction involves sperm from antheridia in male plants to fertilize ova in archegonia in female plants. The zygote develops into a small sporophyte which remains attached to the larger gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores which develop into free-living male and female gametophytes. Asexual reproduction via gemmae in the cup-like structures on the upper surface of the plant. Asexual reproduction can also occur when older plant parts die and new, surviving branches develop into separate plants. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Marchantiophyta Class: ...

Black potato (Coleus rotundifolius)

Black potato ( Coleus rotundifolius ) is a species of plant in Lamiaceae, herbaceous, fibrous roots and tubers, erect and slightly creeping stems, quadrangular, thick, and slightly odorous. Single leaves, thick, membranous, opposite and alternate. Leaves are oval, dark green and shiny on the upper side, bright green on the lower side. Up to 5 cm long, up to 4 cm wide, slightly hairy and pinnate leaf veins. Leaf stalks up to 4 cm long. Small, purple flowers. Star-shaped petals, lip-shaped crown, dark to light purple with a slightly curved tube shape. Flowering from February-August. Small tubers, brown and white flesh and tuber length 2-4 cm. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Subfamily: Nepetoideae Tribe: Ocimeae Subtribe: Plectranthinae Genus: Coleus Species: Coleus rotundifolius

Wild durian (Cullenia exarillata)

Wild durian ( Cullenia exarillata ) is a species of plant in the Malvaceae, a tall tree with smooth, greyish-white bark, peeling on older trees, a straight trunk, horizontal branches and often with a series of knob-like tubercles for flower and fruit attachment. C. exarillata has young branches and the underside of the leaves is covered with golden brown peltate or shield-like scales. The leaves are single, alternate, glabrous, glossy green on the upper side and covered with silvery or orange peltate scales on the underside. Hermaphroditic flowers are tubular and also covered with golden brown scales, 4-5 cm long and cream or reddish brown in color. Flowers have no petals, formed of tubular bracteoles and tubular calyxes, 5-lobed. Fruit is round, 10-13 cm in diameter, covered with thorns and clustered along the branches. Many seeds, reddish brown, 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. The seeds are enclosed by a fleshy, whitish aril. The fruit splits open when ripe and dries to release the s...

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