Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical and subtropical annual shrub in Euphorbiaceae, widely known as a staple food producing carbohydrates and leaves as vegetables.
M. esculenta can grow as high as 7 meters, little branch, taproot with number of enlarged branch roots to be bulbs to be eaten. Root tuber has a diameter of 4-6 cm and a length of 50-80 cm depending on the cultivar, brown and reddish, the inside is white or yellowish.
Increased cassava cultivation is in line with the rapid population growth and stagnation of rice and wheat production. Bulbs are an additional food source and have become one of the main foodstuffs in many of the world. Castilla can be eaten raw where the main content is starch with a little glucose so it is rather sweet.
Leaves for fresh or cooked salads for a variety of dishes, while tuber skin for animal feed. Ubi kayu after harvesting is usually peeled to be dried under the hot sun to be processed into tapioca flour or starch as raw material for various foods, chewing gum, glue, textile industry and furniture.
Nutritional per 100 grams includes 121 cal calories, 62.50 grams water, 40.00 grams phosphorus, 34.00 grams carbohydrates, 33.00 milligrams calcium, 30.00 milligrams vitamin C, 1.20 grams protein, 0.70 milligrams iron, 0.30 grams fat and 0.01 Bmg vitamin B1. Leaves have a protein content of 6.9 grams, 165 mg calcium, 54 mg phosphorus, 2 mg iron, 11000 IU Vit A and 275 mg Vit C.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Manihoteae
Genus: Manihot Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.: [s.p.] (1754)
Species: Manihot esculenta Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 108 (1817)
Jatropha manihot L. in Sp. Pl.: 1007 (1753)
Manihot manihot (L.) H.Karst. in Deut. Fl.: 588 (1882)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl in Wšeobecný Rostl. 2: 1342 (1846)
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp. in Offiz. Pfl. Gaert. Bot. Gart. Breslau: 113 (1857)
Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 1: 799 (1840)
Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud. (1840)
Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel. in Onomat. Bot. 5: 7 (1773)
Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud. (1840)
Jatropha glauca A.Rich. in Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 250 (1850)
Jatropha janipha Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 585 (1790)
Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1086 (1866)
Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud. (1840)
Jatropha mitis Rottb. in Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 301 (1778)
Jatropha mitis Sessé & Moc. in Naturaleza (Mexico City), ser. 2, 1(App.): 167 (1890)
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II(Heft 44): 71 (1910)
Jatropha silvestris Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 83 (1831)
Jatropha stipulata Vell. (1831)
Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link in Handbuch 2: 436 (1831)
Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 4: 127 (1877)
Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link (1831)
Manihot aipi Pohl in Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 29 (1827)
Manihot aipi var. lanceolata Pohl (1827)
Manihot aipi var. latifolia Pohl (1827)
Manihot aipi var. lutescens Pohl (1827)
Manihot aypi Spruce in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 10 (1861)
Manihot cannabina Sweet in Sweet's Hort. Brit., ed. 2.: 458 (1830)
Manihot cassava Cook & Collins in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 184 (1903)
Manihot diffusa Pohl (1827)
Manihot digitiformis Pohl (1827)
Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Baill. in Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 932 (1884)
Manihot dulcis var. aipi (Pohl) Pax (1910)
Manihot dulcis var. diffusa (Pohl) Pax (1910)
Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Pax (1910)
Manihot edule A.Rich. in R.de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 208 (1850)
Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta Cif. in Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. argentea Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. coalescens Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. communis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. debilis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. domingensis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. fertilis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. luteola Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. nodosa Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. pohlii Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. rufescens Cif. (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. sprucei Lanj. in Euphorb. Surinam: 33 (1931)
Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii Cif. (1942)
Manihot flabellifolia Pohl (1827)
Manihot flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI(Heft 85): 195 (1924)
Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax (1910)
Manihot loureiroi Pohl (1827)
Manihot melanobasis Müll.Arg. in Linnaea 34: 206 (1865)
Manihot palmata var. aipi (Pohl) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Manihot palmata var. diffusa (Pohl) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Manihot palmata var. digitiformis (Pohl) Müll.Arg. (1833)
Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Manihot sprucei Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147(Heft 42): 71 (1910)
Manihot utilissima Pohl (1827)
Manihot utilissima var. castellana Pohl (1827)
Manihot utilissima var. sutinga Pohl (1827)
PUBLICATIONS
Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 3: 1-634. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
Bernal, R., Gradstein, R.S. & Celis, M. (eds.) (2016). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia 1-2: 1-3068. Libro impreso.
Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
Chakrabarty, T. & Balakrishnan, N.P. (2009). The family Euphorbiaceae in Sikkim state, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 483-539.
Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016). Flora of North America North of Mexico 12: 1-603. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Fosberg, F.R. (1975). Vascular plants of Aitutaki. Atoll Research Bulletin 190: 73-84.
Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.
Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Reddy, G.V.P. (2011). Survey of invasive plants on Guam and identification of the 20 most widespread. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 41: 263-274.
Smith, A.C. (1981). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 2: 1-810. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.
Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Stinca, A., D'Auria, G. & Motti, R. (2014). Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), a new alien species in Italy. Hacquetia 13: 355-357.
Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.
Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.
Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera 65: 1-391.
Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.
Wester, L. (1985). Checklist of the vascular plants of the Northern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 287: 1-38.
Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
VERNACULAR NAME
Angami: Seirophei
Bantoanon: Balinghoy
Bunun: Utanlukis
Burmese: ပလော-ပီနန်-ယူ-ပင် Palaw-pinan-u-pin
Chinese (simplified): 木薯 - 树薯
Chinese (traditional): 木薯 - 樹薯
Czech: Maniok nejužitečnější
Danish: Maniok
Dutch: Cassave
English: Cassava, Tapioca
Filipino: Lamoting-kahoy, balangay, kasaba
Finnish: Maniokki
French: Manioc
German: Maniok
Guangdong: 木薯
Guaymí: ö
Hindi: शकरकंद Shakarkand
Hong Kong: 木薯
Indonesia: Singkong, Ubi kayu, Ketela pohon
Italian: Manioca
Japanese: キャッサバ
Java: Telo, Pohung, Budin, Boled
Kannada: Mare genasu, Kanagala, Mara genasu, Baragaalada gedde
Khmer: ដាមល៉ុង ឆែ Dâmlông chhë
Kwamashi: Mudheka
Kwamulonga: Mwanja
Lao: ແມນ ຕັນສ໌ Man tônz
Macao: 木薯
Malayalam: Kollikkilannu, Maraccini, Marakkilannu
Malaysia: Ubi kayu, Ubi benggala, Ubi belanda
Manipuri: Umangra
Marathi: Prochugaali chine, Pavde-pharin
Mbukushu: Mudhika, Mwandja
Mbunda: Mwanza
Mbwera: Didheka
Mizo: Pangbal
Nkoya: Jikamba
Nubi: Gwanda
Oria: Simulikonda, Rosokandojado
Oriya: Kaato konda
Otomí: Zapocúa
Palauan: Telngot
PNG: Mandioca, cassava
Polish: Maniok jadalny
Portuguese: Mandioca, Macaxeira, Mandioqueira
Russian: Маниок съедобный
Sanskrit: Daarukandah, Tarukandah, Kalpakandah
Shanjo: Mwanja
Shona: Chinangira, Mufarinya, Musambwarara
Silozi: Mwanja
Slovak: Maniok jedlý
Spanish: Guacamote, Mandioca, Yuca
Sunda: Sampeu
Taiwan: 木薯
Tamil: மறவல்லிகிழங்கு - மறவள்ளிக்கிழங்கு - அல்லவள்ளி கிழங்கு Maravallikizhangu, Maravallikkilanku, Allvalli kizhangu
Tangkhul: Thingpai
Telugu: Karrapendalamu
Teso: Emwogo
Thai: มันสำปะหลัง
Tsonga n: Tsumbula
Turkish: Manyok
Zapoteco: Guh-yaga
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium