Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a species of flowering plant in Apiaceae and has long been known as a seasoning, medicine and oil contained in seeds. Plant lives in the lowlands to an altitude of 1,800 meters above sea level.

F. vulgare has a sweet smell, 2 m tall, standing tall and bright green. Ribbon-shaped leaves, grow to 40 cm long with the last segment in the form of hair to a width of 0.5 mm.



Compound flower at the end of the stem, 5-15 cm in diameter and each panicle has 20-50 small yellow flowers on short pedicles. The fruit is a dry seed with a length of 4-9 mm and has a groove.

The leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Ripe and dried fruit powder is distilled to produce fennel oil with a sweet and bitter taste. Both are used in the medicine, seasoning, corrigentia saporis and herb fragrances.

The aromatic character of fennel fruits derives from volatile oils imparting mixed aromas, including trans-anethole and estragole, fenchone, Limonene, and 1-octen-3-ol. Other phytochemicals include polyphenols, such as rosmarinic acid and luteolin.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Apieae
Genus: Foeniculum Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.: [s.p.] (1754)
Species: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 1 (1768)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Anethum foeniculum L. in Sp. Pl.: 263 (1753)
Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) H.Karst. in Ill. Repet. Pharm.-Med. Bot.: 837 (1886)
Ligusticum foeniculum (L.) Crantz in Cl. Umbell. Emend.: 82 (1767)
Ligusticum foeniculum (L.) Roth in Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 124 (1788)
Meum foeniculum (L.) Spreng. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 6: 483 (1820)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Anethum dulce DC. in Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 78 (1813)
Anethum foeniculum var. dulce (Mill.) Nois. in Man. Compl. Jard. 2: 370 (1825)
Anethum minus Gouan in Ill. Observ. Bot.: 20 (1773)
Anethum panmori Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 94 (1824)
Anethum panmorium Roxb. in Asiat. Res. 11: 156 (1810)
Anethum rupestre Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 168 (1796)
Foeniculum azoricum Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 3 (1768)
Foeniculum capillaceum Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 40 (1782)
Foeniculum capillaceum proles dulce (Mill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 7: 278 (1901)
Foeniculum capillaceum var. macrocarpum Rouy & E.G.Camus (1901)
Foeniculum divaricatum Griseb. in Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 358 (1843)
Foeniculum dulce Mill. (1768)
Foeniculum giganteum Lojac. in Fl. Sicul. 3: 445 (1909)
Foeniculum officinale All. in Fl. Pedem. 2: 25 (1785)
Foeniculum officinale var. dulce (Mill.) P.Fourn. in Quatre Fl. France: 683 (1937)
Foeniculum officinale subsp. dulce (Mill.) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 292 (1879)
Foeniculum officinale var. dulce (Mill.) Alef. in Landw. Fl.: 156 (1866)
Foeniculum officinale var. hortorum Alef. (1866)
Foeniculum officinale subsp. pateri Prodan in Fl. Român. 2: 124 (1923)
Foeniculum officinale var. sativum (C.Presl) Arcang. in Comp. Fl. Ital.: 283 (1882)
Foeniculum officinale subsp. sativum (C.Presl) Arcang. (1882)
Foeniculum officinale var. silvestre Alef. (1866)
Foeniculum panmorium (Roxb.) DC. in Prodr. 4: 142 (1830)
Foeniculum piperitum subsp. divaricatum (Griseb.) Nyman (1879)
Foeniculum piperitum var. pluriradiatum Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 2: 975 (1872)
Foeniculum rigidum Brot. ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 1: 643 (1840)
Foeniculum sativum (C.Presl) Bertol. in Fl. Ital. (Bologna) 3: 340 (1838)
Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) P.Fourn. (1937)
Foeniculum vulgare convar. azoricum (Mill.) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 28: 107 (1993)
Foeniculum vulgare var. capillaceum Burnat in Fl. Alpes Marit. 4: 179 (1906)
Foeniculum vulgare subsp. capillaceum (Burnat) Holmboe in Stud. Veg. Cyprus: 140 (1914)
Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Batt. & Trab. in Fl. Algérie Tunisie: 147 (1905)
Foeniculum vulgare f. dulce (Mill.) Fiori & Paol. in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 173 (1900)
Foeniculum vulgare var. inodorum Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 205 (1935)
Foeniculum vulgare f. pateri (Prodan) Borza in Consp. Fl. Roman. Reg. Aff. 2: 202 (1949)
Foeniculum vulgare subsp. sativum (C.Presl) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 244 (1965)
Foeniculum vulgare convar. sativum (C.Presl) Holub (1993)
Foeniculum vulgare var. sativum C.Presl in Fl. Sicul.: xxvi (1826)
Foeniculum vulgare subsp. sativum (C.Presl) Janch. ex Holub (1993)
Meum piperatum Ten. in Fl. Napol. 3: 291 (1829)
Meum piperinum Colla in Herb. Pedem. 3: 46 (1835)
Ozodia foeniculacea Wight & Arn. in Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 375 (1834)
Selinum foeniculum E.H.L.Krause in J.W.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2. 12: 115 (1904)
Seseli dulce (DC.) Koso-Pol. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou, n.s., 29: 183 (1915 publ. 1916)
Seseli foeniculum Koso-Pol. (1915 publ. 1916)
Seseli piperitum Koso-Pol. (1915 publ. 1916)
Tenoria romana Schkuhr ex Spreng. (1820)

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VERNACULAR NAME

Aceh: Das-pedas
Afrikaans: Vinkel
Arabic: شمرة شائعة
Armenian: Հոռոմ-սամիթ սովորական
Bali: Adas
Bantoanon: Anis
Basque: Mihilu
Bengali: মাউরি Mauri
Burmese: ဆန်စပါး Samon-saba
Catalan: Fonoll
Chinese (simplified): 茴香
Chinese (traditional): 茴香
Croatian: Komorač
Czech: Fenykl obecný
Danish: Fennikel
Dutch: Venkel
English: Fenel, Common fennel, Sweet fennel, Wild fennel
Estonian: Harilik apteegitill
Filipino: Anis
Finnish: Maustefenkoli
French: Fenouil, Aneth doux
Galician: Fiúncho
Georgian: დიდი კამა
German: Echter fenchel, Fenchel
Gorontalo: Denggu-denggu
Greek: Μάραθο
Hebrew: שומר פשוט
Hindi: सौंफ - मोती सौंफ Saunf, Moti saunf
Hong Kong: 茴香
Hungarian: Édeskömény, Kerti édeskömény
Indonesian: Adas, Adas Manis
Italian: Finocchio
Japanese: ウイキョウ
Java: Adas
Kannada: Dodda sompu, Sompu
Korean: 회향
Kurdish: Rizyane
Lao: ຜັກຊີ Phak s'i
Lithuanian: Paprastasis pankolis
Macao: 茴香
Malayalam: Perumjeeraka, Perinceerakam, Preumjirakam
Malaysia: Adas pedas, Pokok adas
Manado: Adas, Paampas
Manipuri: Hop
Marathi: Badishep
Minangkabau: Adeh, Manis
Norwegian: Fennikel
Oria: Pan mohari, Pan madhuri, Mauri, Pan muhori
Polish: Fenkuł włoski, Koper włoski
Portuguese: Funcho
Russian: Фенхель обыкновенный
Sanskrit: Misreya, Madhurika
Sinhala: මහදුරු
Slovak: Fenikel obyčajný
Slovenian: Navadni komarček
Spanish: Hinojo, Eneldo, Anís
Sumba: Wala wunga, Hades
Sunda: Adas
Swedish: Fänkål
Tagalog: Anis
Tamil: சொம்பு - சொப்பு - காட்டு சீரகம் Sompu, Sopu, Kaattu seeragam
Telugu: Peddajilakarra, Sompu, Pedda jilakar
Thai: เทียนข้าวเปลือก - ผักชีล้อม
Turkish: Rezene
Ukrainian: Фенхель звичайний
Welsh: Ffenigl

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