Coffee (Coffea arabica)

Coffee or mountain coffee or arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is a plant species in Rubacea, up to 9 meters high, growing at an altitude above 700 meters above sea level, one of the most economically valuable plantation commodities among other plants.

C. arabica generally blooms after 2 years of age. Adult flowers pollinate with the opening of the petals and crown that will develop into fruit. Green skin will turn yellow and dark red with maturation. The entire process to harvest takes 6-8 months.









Flowers bloom at the beginning of the dry season and the fruit is ready to be picked at the end of the dry season. Primary branches will elongate and form new leaves at the beginning of the rainy season and prepare to produce flowers at the beginning of the upcoming dry season. The main stem has segments where a pair of opposite leaves grow.

Leaves have a line in the middle and lines to the side following the bone, wavy, thick green, muscular and tapered at the tip. The leaves grow and are arranged side by side in the armpits of branches and twigs. A pair of leaves is located in the same plane in the stem and twigs that grow horizontally.

Flowers are arranged in groups, each 4-6 buds and each leaf armpit produces 2-3 flower groups. The crown is white and fragrant. Green petals, base covering the ovaries containing two ovules. Stamens consist of 5-7 short stems.

The fruit has a length of 12-18 mm, light green then turns dark green, yellow, red and dark red to ripen. The fruit consists of exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, epidermis and seeds. Old Mesokarp will be slimy and sweet. Mature seeds are white and hard.

Many varieties of arabica coffee are developed in the world to suit certain environments. The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center recommends six varieties: Kartika 1 (1.8 tons/ha), Kartika 2 (1.9 tons/ha), Abesiania 3 (0.7 tons/ha), S795 (1.2 tons/ha), USDA 762 (1.2 tons/ha) and Andungsari 1 (1.9 tons/ha).

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Subfamily: Ixoroideae
Tribe: Coffeeae
Genus: Coffea L. in Sp. Pl.: 172 (1753)
Species: Coffea arabica L. Sp. Pl.: 172 (1753)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Coffea arabica var. typica Cramer in Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 126 (1913)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Coffea arabica f. abyssinica A.Chev. in Encycl. Biol. 22: t. 17 (1942)
Coffea arabica var. amarella A.Froehner in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 263 (1898)
Coffea arabica var. angustifolia Cramer in Teysmannia 18: 224 (1907)
Coffea arabica var. bourbon Rodr. ex Choussy in El Café: ? (1928)
Coffea arabica var. brevistipulata Cif. in Agric. Colon. 31: 521 (1937)
Coffea arabica var. bullata Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. columnaris Ottol. ex Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. culta A.Chev. (1942)
Coffea arabica var. cultoides A.Chev. (1942)
Coffea arabica var. erecta Ottol. ex Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. latifolia A.Chev. (1942)
Coffea arabica var. longistipulata Cif. (1937)
Coffea arabica var. maragogype A.Froehner (1898)
Coffea arabica var. mokka Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. monosperma Ottol. & Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. murta Lalière in Café Etat Saint-Paul: 40 (1909)
Coffea arabica var. myrtifolia A.Chev. (1942)
Coffea arabica var. pendula Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. polysperma Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 4: 52 (1890)
Coffea arabica var. pubescens Cif. (1937)
Coffea arabica var. purpurascens Cramer (1913)
Coffea arabica var. rotundifolia Ottol. ex Cramer (1907)
Coffea arabica var. straminea Miq. ex A.Froehner (1898)
Coffea arabica var. sundana (Miq.) A.Chev. in Encycl. Biol. 28: 204 (1947)
Coffea arabica var. variegata Ottol. ex Cramer (1913)
Coffea bourbonica Pharm. ex Wehmer in Pfl.-Stoffe: 734 (1911)
Coffea corymbulosa Bertol. in Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. 1: 411 (1838)
Coffea laurifolia Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 62 (1796)
Coffea moka Heynh. in Alph. Aufz. Gew.: 153 (1846)
Coffea sundana Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 306 (1857)
Coffea vulgaris Moench in Methodus: 504 (1794)

PUBLICATIONS

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Delprete, P.G. (2010). Rubiaceae. Flora dos estados de Goiás e Tocantins 40: 1-1610. Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Delprete, P.G., Smith, L.B. & Klein, R.M. (2004). Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1: 1-344. Herbário "Barbosa Rodrigues", Atají, Brasil.

Fairhurst, W. (2004). Flowering Plants of Ascension island: 1-300. Higham Press, Shirland, Alfreton, England.

Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.

Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.

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Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

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Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2014). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 7: 1-840. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

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Lambdon, P. (2012). Flowering plants & ferns of St Helena: 1-624. Pisces publications for St Helena nature conservation group.

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VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Koffieboom
Chinese (simplified): 咖啡 - 小粒咖啡
Chinese (traditional): 咖啡樹 - 小果咖啡
Czech: Kávovník arabský
Danish: Arabicakaffe
Dutch: Arabica-koffie
English: Coffee, Arabica coffee, Arabian coffee, Arabian coffee plant, Kona coffee, Mountain coffee
Estonian: Araabia kohvipuu
Finnish: Arabiankahvi
French: Caféier d'Arabie
German: Arabica-Kaffee
Guangdong: 咖啡樹
Hawaiian: Kope
Hindi: काफ़ी - कहावा - अरेबियन कॉफ़ी Kafi, Kahawa, Arabian Coffee
Hong Kong: 咖啡樹
Indonesian: Kopi arabika
Italian: Pianta del caffè, Caffè
Japanese: アラビアコーヒーノキ
Kannada: Coffee-gida, Bundu, Tulu, Bunnu, Boonu
Láadan: Yobeyáanin
Macao: 咖啡樹
Malayalam: Kappi, Bannu, Coffee
Manipuri: Kophi
Marathi: Kaphe
Oria: Coffee
Polish: Kawa arabska
Portuguese: Café
Russian: Кофе аравийский - Кофе арабика
Sanskrit: Rajapiluh
Sinhala: ඇරබිකා කෝපි
Slovak: Kávovník arabský
Spanish: Cafeto, Café
Taiwan: 咖啡樹
Tamil: காப்பி Kappi
Telugu: Coffee
Thai: กาแฟอาราบิกา
Tswana: Kofi
Turkish: Kahve
Ukrainian: Кавове дерево аравійське - Кава аравійська - Кава арабіка

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium