Common red stem fig (Ficus variegata) is a tree species in Moraceae, height up to 30-40 m and diameter 85-100 cm, buttresses up to 2 m and smooth surface, unisexual flowers, fruit buds appear directly on the stem and grow solitary in the tropics.
F. variegata has a single leaf, scattered, ovoid, heart-shaped base and pointed tip. Thin leaves with a size of 9-25x4-12 cm. Secondary veins for 4-8 pairs with base arranged like fingers and stem length of 2.5-18 cm.
Female flowers consist of an elongated and white stylus, ovaries, red colored calyx and pedicles. A flower bud becomes a ripe fruit for around 2-3 months. This tree starts to bear fruit at a young age.
The flowering and fruiting period is from May to June. Mature fruit has a variety of colors including dark green, reddish green to blackish red. Measuring around 34 mm and round, clustered and attached to the trunk and branches.
A tree can be found immature fruit and ripe fruit at once. Ripe fruit has a sweet taste and is liked by apes, birds, anteaters, porcupines and wild boars. The fruit contains very small and intermediate seeds with an amount of 3-5 million grains/kg.
This plant grows at an altitude of 0-1000 m, rainfall 1700-3900 mm per year with an average of 148-266 mm per month and 9-14 days/month, temperature 21-32C and humidity 70-84%, pH 4.5 -5.2 on the soil of the red-yellow podsolic group with flat to moderate undulating topography.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Ficeae
Genus: Ficus Tourn. ex L. in Sp. Pl.: 1059 (1753)
Species: Ficus variegata Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 459 (1825)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Ficus agusanensis Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10: 3762 (1939)
Ficus amboinensis Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 408 (1833)
Ficus cerifera Blume in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 3: 333 (1855)
Ficus ceriflua Jungh. in Java 1: 439 (1853)
Ficus chlorocarpa Benth. in Fl. Hongk.: 330 (1861)
Ficus compressitora Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 9: 3443 (1937)
Ficus cordifolia Blume (1825)
Ficus domestica Zipp. ex Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 282 (1867)
Ficus ehretioides F.Muell. ex Benth. in Fl. Austral. 6: 171 (1873)
Ficus garciae Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2: 550 (1908)
Ficus glochidiifolia Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 126 (1919)
Ficus gummiflua Miq. (1867)
Ficus ilangoides Elmer (1937)
Ficus integrifolia Elmer in Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 61 (1906)
Ficus konishii Hayata in J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 273 (1911)
Ficus laevigata Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 682 (1837)
Ficus latsonii Elmer (1906)
Ficus paucinervia Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 44 (1906)
Ficus subopaca Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 320 (1859)
Ficus subracemosa Blume (1825)
Ficus sum Gagnep. in Notul. Syst. (Paris) 4: 96 (1927)
Ficus sycomoroides Miq. (1867)
Ficus tenimbrensis S.Moore in J. Bot. 63(Suppl.): 111 (1925)
Ficus variegata var. chlorocarpa King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 170 (1888)
Ficus variegata var. garciae (Elmer) Corner in Gard. Bull. Singapore 18: 33 (1960)
Ficus variegata var. ilangoides (Elmer) Corner (1960)
Ficus variegata var. kondang Valeton in S.H.Koorders & T.Valeton, Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 11: 266 (1906)
Ficus variegata var. leles Valeton (1906)
Ficus variegata f. paucinervia (Merr.) Sata in Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32: 367 (1944)
Ficus variegata var. pilosior Miq. (1867)
Ficus variegata f. rotundata Sata (1944)
Ficus variegata var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner (1960)
Ficus viridicarpa Corner in J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 11: 52 (1933)
Sycomorus gummiflua Miq. in Pl. Jungh.: 64 (1851)
Urostigma cordifolium (Blume) Gasp. in Nov. Gen. Fic.: 7 (1844)
Urostigma javanicum Miq. (1859)
PUBLICATIONS
Chaudhary, L.B., Sudhakar, J.V., Kumar, A., Bajpai, O., Tiwari, R. & Murthy, G.V.S. (2012). Synopsis of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India. Taiwania 57: 193-216.
George, A.S. (ed.) (1989). Flora of Australia 3: 1-219. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Govaerts, R. (2001). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS Genera starting with letter E-F: 1-50919.
Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Japan IIa: 1-550. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.
Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Pusalkar, P.K., Mao, A.A. & Inge, P. (eds.) (2022). Flora of India 24: 1-688. Botanical Survey of India.
Tagane, S. & al. (2017). Bokor National Park. A picture guide of forest trees in Cambodia 4: 1-774. Center for Asian Conservation Ecology, Kyushu University, Japan.
Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.
Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2003). Flora of China 5: 1-505. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
VERNACULAR NAME
Bali: Gondang
Chinese (simplified): 青果榕 - 杂色榕
Chinese (traditional): 青果榕 - 花球枇杷螺
Czech: Fíkovka měnlivá
Dutch: Bolle vijghoren
English: Common red-stem fig, Common red stem fig, Green fruited fig, Variegated fig
Estonian: Kirju viigipuu
Filipino: Tangisang-bayauak
Guangdong: 青果榕
Hong Kong: 青果榕
Indonesian: Nyawai, Kondang, Gondang putih, Libo
Japanese: ギランイヌビワ - コニシイヌビワ
Java: Gondang
Lithuanian: Margasis fikusas
Macao: 青果榕
Malaysia: Ara kelepong, Ara kelumpong
Russian: Фикус пёстрый
Slovak: Figovník pestrý
Sumbawa: Kanjilu
Sunda: Kondang
Swedish: Vaxfikus
Tagalog: Tangisang-bayawak
Taiwan: 青果榕
Thai: ผูก
Aryo Bandoro
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