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Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)

Dlium Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical plant species in Clusiaceae, up to 25 m tall, thick exocarp, bright green and turns reddish purple after ripe with 1-2 large seeds and edible white mesocarp layers.

G. mangostana produces sweet, pungent, watery, slightly fibrous fruits with vesicles filled with liquid, mesocarp surrounding each almond-shaped and large-sized seeds. The resulting bundle seeds are basically asexual embryos.







Young fruit does not require fertilization to grow, pale green or white under the canopy. The fruit enlarges for 2 to 3 months and then turns dark green with growth in size increasing in diameter from 6-8 cm and remaining hard.

Mangosteen thrives and produces fruit at 25-35C with a humidity of more than 80%. Temperature 38-40C makes the leaves and fruit prone to sunburn. Tree shoots prefer shade and mature shade-tolerant trees.

Manggis has a weak root system and prefers deep, well drained soils with high water content and often grows on river banks. Trees require well-distributed rain throughout the year at least 40 mm/month and a dry season of 3-5 weeks. Maturation of the fruit takes 5-6 months with the harvest occurs when the purple pericarps.

Mangosteen trees may reach fruit-bearing in as little as 6 years, but may require 12 or more years, depending on climate and cultivation methods. The yield is variable, depending on climate and age of the tree. If the young tree is bearing for the first time, 200-300 fruits may be produced, whereas at maturity, 500 fruits per season are average. At age 30 to 45 years in full maturity, each tree may yield as many as 3,000 fruits, with trees as old as 100 years still producing.

Endocarp, the white part of the fruit which has a mild taste, can be eaten fresh, but the nutritional content is modest, all the nutrients analyzed have a low percentage.

The skin of the fruit is fibrous and tough, but becomes soft and easy to pry as the fruit ripens. Mangosteen is traded in fresh, canned and frozen form as a dessert or as jam. Ripe fruit is also used as a salad ingredient.

Various parts of the plant have a history of use in traditional medicine such as treating skin infections, skin disorders, wounds, dysentery, urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal complaints and various other ailments.

Fruit peel extract is used as a brown, dark brown, purple or red dye which is applied to woven fabrics and batik. Twigs have been used as sticks. Wood for making spears and cabinets.

Fruit skin contains xanthonoids, such as mangostin and other phytochemicals. Polysaccharide and xanthone compounds in fruit, leaves and heartwood. Ripe fruit contains xanthones, garthanin, 8-disoxygartanin and normangostin.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Garcinia L. in Sp. Pl.: 443 (1753)
Section: Garcinia
Species: Garcinia mangostana L. in Sp. Pl.: 443 (1753)
Variety: Garcinia mangostana var. borneensis Nazre, Garcinia mangostana var. malaccensis (Hook.f.) Nazre, Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Mangostana garcinia Gaertn. in Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 105 (1790)

PUBLICATIONS

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.

Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.

Cooper, W.E. (2013). A taxonomic revision of Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) in Australia, including four new species from tropical Queensland. Austrobaileya 9: 1-29.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS Genera starting with letter G: 1-40325.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.

Mohanan, N., Shemeer, P.S. & Sabu, T. (2023). Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33: 101-158.

Nazre, M. & al. (2018). Taxonomic Revision of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Clusiaceae). Phytotaxa 373: 1-52.

Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.

Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 2: 1-1060. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.

Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 13: 1-548. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

VERNACULAR NAME

Arabic: جوز جندم - كوز كندم - مانغوستين
Burmese: မင်ဂတ် Mingut
Chinese (simplified): 山竹 - 莽吉柿
Chinese (traditional): 山竹
Czech: Mangostana lahodná
English: Mangosteen, Manggis, Gamboge, Purple mangosteen
Filipino: Manggis, Manggustan
Finnish: Mangostani, Punamangostani
French Mangoustanier
German: Mangostane, Mangostan, Mangostanbaum, Mangostin, Mangostinbaum
Indonesian: Manggis
Japanese: マンゴスチン - 茫栗
Java: Manggis
Kannada: Mangosteen
Khmer: ម៉ុងគុត Mongkhut
Lao: ມັງຄຸດ Mangkhut
Malayalam: Mangosta, Mangustan
Malaysia: Manggis
Palauan: Mangosti
Polish: Mangostan właściwy
Portuguese: Mangostão
Russian: Мангустан
Sinhala: මැංගුස්
Slovak: Garcínia ovocná
Spanish: Mangostino, Mangostán
Thai: มังคุด
Vietnamese: Măng cụt

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium
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