Bandotan or billygoat weed (Ageratum conyzoides) is a plant species in Asteraceae, terma smells hard, erect or lying down, up to 120 cm high, roots on the part that touches the ground, hairy stems and often have many branches with one or many compound flowers at the ends.
A. conyzoides has stemmed leaves and is located alternately or face to face especially located at the bottom. The leaves are round eggs with the base of the heart or rounded or tapered and the tip is obtuse or tapered, 2-10 cm long, 0.5-5 cm wide, serrated edge, both surfaces with long hair with glands on the underside.
Flowers with the same sex gather in the upper cusps and three or more cusps gather in the terminal panicles. The panicle stems are 6-8 mm long, consisting of 60-70 individuals at the end of the hairy stems with 2-3 oval-shaped leaf pads. Crowns with narrow tubes, white or purple.
This plant produces achenium fruit in the shape of a square, 2 mm long, scaly hair and white. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year to produce up to 40,000 seeds per individual and rated as a very disturbing weed on the plantation.
The species is widespread throughout the tropics, very expansive, often growing in dry fields, house yards, road sides, embankments, waterfronts, shrub areas and living up to an altitude of 3000 m.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Subtribe: Ageratinae
Genus: Ageratum L. in Sp. Pl.: 839 (1753)
Species: Ageratum conyzoides L. in Sp. Pl.: 839 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 325 (1891)
Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H.L.Krause in J.W.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2. 13: 32 (1905)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Ageratum album Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 18 (1821)
Ageratum arsenei B.L.Rob. in Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 3 (1922)
Ageratum brachystephanum Regel in Gartenflora 3: 245 (1854)
Ageratum ciliare L. in Sp. Pl.: 839 (1753)
Ageratum coeruleum Desf. in Tabl. École Bot.: 98 (1804)
Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum Hieron. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 44 (1894)
Ageratum conyzoides subsp. latifolium (Cav.) M.F.Johnson in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 58: 31 (1971)
Ageratum conyzoides var. obtusifolium (Lam.) DC. in Prodr. 5: 108 (1836)
Ageratum cordifolium Roxb. in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 415 (1832)
Ageratum hirsutum Poir. in Encycl., Suppl. 1: 242 (1810)
Ageratum hirtum Lam. in Encycl. 1: 54 (1783)
Ageratum humile Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 188 (1796)
Ageratum humile Larrañaga in Escritos D. A. Larrañaga 1: 406 (1922)
Ageratum koulianum Bhellum in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 39: 421 (2016)
Ageratum latifolium Cav. in Icon. 4: 33 (1797)
Ageratum latifolium (Benth.) Hemsl. in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 82 (1881)
Ageratum latifolium var. galapageium B.L.Rob. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 49: 466 (1913)
Ageratum muticum Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I.: 356 (1861)
Ageratum nanum Sch.Bip. in Wochenschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 1(Nachr.): 26 (1858)
Ageratum obtusifolium Lam. (1783)
Ageratum odoratum E.Vilm. in Fl. Pleine Terre: 42 (1866)
Ageratum oerstedii B.L.Rob. (1913)
Ageratum oliveri R.M.King & H.Rob. in Phytologia 28: 491 (1974)
Ageratum sandwicense H.Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 63 (1912)
Ageratum suffruticosum Regel (1854)
Alomia coelestina (Regel) B.L.Rob. in Contr. Gray Herb. 90: 4 (1930)
Caelestina latifolia Benth. in Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1852: 71 (1853)
Caelestina suffruticosa Sweet in Hort. Brit.: 229 (1826)
Carelia brachystephana Kuntze (1891)
Carelia latifolia (Benth.) Kuntze (1891)
Carelia mutica Kuntze (1891)
Eupatorium paleaceum Sessé & Moc. in Fl. Mexic.: 181 (1894)
Phalacraea coelestina Regel (1854)
Sparganophorus obtusifolius Lag. in Gen. Sp. Pl.: 25 (1816)
PUBLICATIONS
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
Beentje, H.J. (2021). Flore du Gabon 56: 1-148. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; Meise Botanic Garden.
Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
Ghafoor, A. & al. (2021). Flora of Pakistan 224: 1-310. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 2: 865-1712. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.
Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
Koyama, H., Bunwong, S., Pornpongrungrueng, P. & Hind, D.J.N. (2016). Flora of Thailand 13(2): 143-428. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Prakash, L. & Balasubramanian, P. (2018). Invasive alien flora of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in Southern Eastern Ghats, India. Indian Forester 144: 857-862.
Pruski, J.F. (ed.) (2018). Flora Mesoamericana 5(2): 1-608. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2024). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 5: 1-432. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1-346.
Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Indringer-ageratum, Bokkruid, Indringerageratum
Bengali: উচুন্টি Uchunti
Burmese: ဘန်ဒိုတန်
Chinese (simplified): 藿香蓟
Chinese (traditional): 勝紅薊 - 藿香薊 - 藿香薊
Czech: Nestařec hnidákovitý
English: Billygoat weed, Billy goat weed, Billy-goat weed, Tropical whiteweed, Tropic ageratum, Invading ageratum, Blue weed
Filipina: Singilan, Bulak-manok, Bahug-bahug
French: Agérate faux-conyze, Bouton, Baume mauve, Herbe à bouc
Hawaiian: Maile honohono
Hindi: जंगली पुदीना - विसादोड़ी - विसादूरी - सेमांडुलु - घा बूटी - भाकुंबर Jangli pudina, Visadodi, Visadoori, Semandulu, Gha buti, Bhakumbar
Indonesian: Bandotan
Japanese: カッコウアザミ
Java: Bandotan, Wedusan
Kannada: Oorala gida, Helukasa, Shweta sahadevi, Naayi tulasi, Muguthi gida
Khmer: បានដូតាន
Konkani: Vosadi
Korean: 등골나물아재비
Lao: ບານໂດແທນ
Madura: Dus-bedusan
Makassar: Dawet
Malayalam: Kattappa, Muriyan pacca, Appa, Kattappa, Kumminipacha, Murianpache, Pokasunga
Malaysia: Rumput sekedok, Tahi anjing, Rumput pereh jarang
Manipuri: Khongjai napi
Marathi: Ghanera osaadi, Osadi
Mizo: Vai-len-hlo
Nepali: भेडा झार - बोके घाँस - गणमाने घाँस - गणौने झार - सेतो रावने - गन्धे Bhedaa jhaar, Boke ghaans, Ganamane ghaans, Ganaaune jhaar, Seto rawanne, Gandhe
Oria: Poksunga, Boksunga, Dengsingi
Palauan: Ngmak
Polish: Żeniszek konyzowaty
Pontianak: Rumput balam
Portuguese: Mentrasto
Russian: Агератум конизовидный
Sanskrit: Visamustih, Visamustin
Sinhala: පොම්පිල්ලු Pompillu
Slovak: Agerát hnidákovitý
Spanish: Chiba, Santa Lucía, bak'elus, hierba de chivo
Sunda: Babandotan, babadotan
Tamil: பம்பில்லு - அப்பக்கொடி - அப்ப-க்-கோடி - வாடைச்செடி Pumppillu, Appakkoti, Appa-k-koti, Vaadaichedi
Telugu: Poka-banti
Thai: บันโดตัน - สาบแร้งสาบกา
Vietnam: Cỏ dê
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