Ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa)

Ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa) is species of plants in Asparagaceae, evergreen shrubs, such as palm which are usually used as ornamental plants for leaves and are widely planted on roadsides and graves, used as hedges, medicinal plants and widely used in rituals traditional in many cultures.

C. fruticosa has erect and slender stems, woody, hard, round with a diameter of 7.5 cm, height up to 10 m and canopy width 1.2 m, light brown, segmented and rough stem surface, patterned cracked with horizontal rings as clearly visible, branched stem and taproot stem holders.



Single leaf and lanceolate, cluster arranged in a spiral that grows near the branching, base and sharp tip, flat edge, length 20-60 cm, width 10-13 cm, fronds 5-10 cm and pinnate. The leaves is smooth, supple and shiny, green or variegata color with variations of red, pink, purple, maroon, rose, yellow and orange.

Compounding flowers in panicles, emerge from the armpit leaves, 30 cm long, yellow, green and red, have six crowns, crowned stamens, attached to flower tents and pistils have three crowns. Fruit is round, shiny and black seeds.

This plant grows in the lowlands to an altitide of 1,900 m, which is shaded and requires moderate sunlight. Andong plants can grow in areas with poor soil, spread and grow easily even without care. Vegetative propagation of cut stems or roots and generative seeds.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Lomandroideae
Genus: Cordyline Comm. ex R.Br. in Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 280 (1810)
Species: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. in Cat. Pl. Jard. Bot. Saigon: 66 (1919)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Asparagus terminalis L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 450 (1762)
Calodracon jacquinii (Kunth) Planch. in Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 6: 132 (1850)
Convallaria fruticosa L. in Herb. Amb.: 16 (1754)
Cordyline ferrea (L.) Endl. in Cat. Horti Vindob. 1: 149 (1842)
Cordyline fruticosa var. ferrea J.W.Moore in Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 102: 23 (1933)
Cordyline jacquinii Kunth in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 30 (1844)
Cordyline terminalis Kunth (1844)
Cordyline terminalis var. ferrea Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 540 (1875)
Dracaena ferrea L. in Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 246 (1767)
Taetsia fruticosa (L.) Merr. in Interpr. Herb. Amboin.: 137 (1917)
Taetsia terminalis W.Wight in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 382 (1905)
Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 716 (1891)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Calodracon heliconiifolia (Otto & A.Dietr.) Planch. (1850)
Calodracon nobilis Planch. in Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 7: 105 (1851)
Calodracon sieberi (Kunth) Planch. (1850)
Calodracon terminalis (L.) Planch. (1850)
Convallaria fruticosa L. in Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 984 (1759)
Cordyline albicans (Van Geert) G.Nicholson in Ill. Dict. Gard. 1: 372 (1884)
Cordyline alborosea (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline amabilis Cogn. & Marchal in A.Dallière, Pl. Ornament. 1: t. 49 (1873)
Cordyline amboynensis G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline angusta (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline argenteostriata (W.Bull) Mottet in Dict. Prat. Hort. 2: 18 (1893-1894)
Cordyline balmoreana (Van Geert) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline baptistii Cogn. & Marchal (1873)
Cordyline bartelii Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline bellula (Linden & André) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline casanovae Linden ex André in Ill. Hort. 21: 187 (1874)
Cordyline cheesemanii Kirk in Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 28: 509 (1895 publ. 1896)
Cordyline chelsonii (Veitch) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline compacta (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline dennisonii André in Ill. Hort. 19: 360 (1872)
Cordyline densicoma Linden & André (1874)
Cordyline duffii (E.G.Hend.) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline eschscholziana Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 7: 347 (1829)
Cordyline excellens Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline excelsa G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline fraseri (Anon.) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline gloriosa Linden & André in Ill. Hort. 20: t. 125 (1873)
Cordyline grandis (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline guilfoylei Linden ex Lem. in Ill. Hort. 16: 600 (1869)
Cordyline hedychioides F.Muell. in Fragm. 5: 196 (1866)
Cordyline heliconiifolia Otto & A.Dietr. in Allg. Gartenzeitung 3: 32 (1835)
Cordyline hendersonii Cogn. & Marchal (1873)
Cordyline imperialis (Anon.) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline inscripta (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline javanica Klotzsch ex Kunth in Enum. Pl. 5: 26 (1850)
Cordyline kewensis Sander in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 33: 266 (1903)
Cordyline laingii (Van Geert) Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline lutescens-striata G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline macarthurii G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline madagascariensis Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline magnifica (H.J.Veitch ex É.Morren) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline metallica Dallière in Belgique Hort. 22: 353 (1872)
Cordyline mirabilis G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline mooreana (Van Geert) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline nigrorubra (Linden) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline nobilis (Planch.) K.Koch in Berliner Allg. Gartenzeitung 1858: 254 (1858)
Cordyline norwoodiensis Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline ornata (Van Geert) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline picturata (T.Moore) Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline placida (W.Bull) Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline porphyrophylla (É.Morren) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline pulchella (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline reali (Linden & André) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline regina Veitch ex Regel in Gartenflora 1871: 149 (1871)
Cordyline rex (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline robinsoniana (Van Geert) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline rosacea G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline rubella (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline sepiaria Seem. in Fl. Vit.: 311 (1868)
Cordyline sieberi Kunth (1844)
Cordyline splendens (W.Bull ex É.Morren) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline sulcata (Van Geert) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline terminalis var. baileyi F.M.Bailey in Bot. Bull. Dept. Agric. Queensland 9: 11 (1902)
Cordyline terminalis var. boryi Benth. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 541 (1875)
Cordyline terminalis var. hedychioides (F.Muell.) Baker (1875)
Cordyline terminalis var. sepiaria (Seem.) Benth. (1875)
Cordyline terminalis var. sieberi (Kunth) Benth. (1875)
Cordyline terminalis var. ti (Schott ex K.Koch) Benth. (1875)
Cordyline thomsonii (Mast. & T.Moore) Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline ti Schott ex K.Koch in Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 3: 6 (1860)
Cordyline timorensis Planch. (1850)
Cordyline triumphans (W.Bull) G.Nicholson (1884)
Cordyline venosa (W.Bull) Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline williamsii Mottet (1893-1894)
Cordyline youngii (É.Morren) G.Nicholson (1884)
Dracaena albicans Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 66: 3 (1870)
Dracaena albomarginata T.Moore in Gard. Chron., n.s., 4: 615 (1875)
Dracaena alborosea W.Bull in Gard. Chron., n.s., 2: 160 (1874)
Dracaena alexandrae Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83: 12 (1882)
Dracaena amabilis H.J.Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1871: 841 (1871)
Dracaena anerleyensis T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena angusta W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 49: 4 (1869)
Dracaena argenteostriata W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 242: 8 (1888)
Dracaena atropurpurea-pendula Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 78: 12 (1879)
Dracaena aurora Linden & André in Ill. Hort. 25: 26 (1878)
Dracaena balmoreana Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 73: viii (1875)
Dracaena baptistii T.Moore & Mast. in Gard. Chron., n.s., 1: 92 (1874)
Dracaena barronii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena × bartetii Carrière in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 58: 178 (1886)
Dracaena bausei T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena bella T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena bellula Linden & André (1874)
Dracaena bergmanii Van Geert (1879)
Dracaena berkeleyi T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena brasiliensis Poit. in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 1: 23 (1829)
Dracaena candida W.Bull in Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 474 (1875)
Dracaena cantrellii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena carolettiae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena casanovae Linden & André (1874)
Dracaena chelsonii Veitch in Gard. Chron. 1868: 349 (1868)
Dracaena compacta W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) (1873)
Dracaena concinna W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 60: 23 (1871)
Dracaena cooperi Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 56: 3 (1864)
Dracaena cooperi var. striata Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena coullingii Mast. in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 11: 731 (1892)
Dracaena crispata Van Geert (1879)
Dracaena cuprea L.Linden & Rodigas in Ill. Hort. 40: 9 (1893)
Dracaena cuprea T.Moore in Gard. Chron., n.s., 5: 690 (1876)
Dracaena dennisonii Veitch ex É.Morren in Belgique Hort. 22: 353 (1872)
Dracaena duffii E.G.Hend. in Gard. Chron., n.s., 2: 722 (1874)
Dracaena elizabethiae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena ernestii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena esculenta Jacob-Makoy in Nursery Cat. (L.Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 1836: 6 (1836)
Dracaena excelsa W.Bull (1871)
Dracaena eximia T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena ferrea var. rubens Hassk. in Flora 25(2, Beibl. 1): 4 (1842)
Dracaena ferrea variegata Blandy in Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 1: 615 (1861)
Dracaena ferrea versicolor E.J.Lowe & W.Howard in Beaut. Leaved Pl.: t. 3 (1859)
Dracaena flemingii Baker (1875)
Dracaena formosa W.Bull in Gard. Chron., n.s., 1: 78 (1874)
Dracaena fraseri T.Moore & Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1873: 5 (1873)
Dracaena fredericii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena fulgens T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena gemma W.Bull (1875)
Dracaena gibsonii Baker (1875)
Dracaena gladstonei Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 76: 21 (1878)
Dracaena glonerea Linden ex Rafarin in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 46: 75 (1874)
Dracaena gloneri André in Ill. Hort. 20: 132 (1873)
Dracaena gloriosa T.Moore & Mast. (1873)
Dracaena grandis W.Bull (1874)
Dracaena guilfoylei T.Moore ex Linden in Cat. Gén. 82/24(Suppl. Extr.): 6 (1869)
Dracaena halseyi Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena harrisii Hovey in Nursery Cat. (Hovey & co.) 1882: 6 (1882)
Dracaena hendersonii J.H.Veitch in Gard. Chron., n.s., 1: 531 (1874)
Dracaena humboldtii Jacob-Makoy in Nursery Cat. (L.Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 114: 36 (1870)
Dracaena hybrida W.Bull ex R.Hogg in Florist & Pomol. 27: 158 (1874)
Dracaena illustris W.Bull (1874)
Dracaena imperator T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena imperialis T.Moore & Mast. (1873)
Dracaena inscripta W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) (1873)
Dracaena insignis W.Bull (1875)
Dracaena intermedia E.C.Hend. in Gard. Chron. 1873: 498 (1873)
Dracaena jamesii Pynaert in Nursery Cat. (Éd.Pynaert - Van Geert) 1898: 10 (1898)
Dracaena jucunda T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena kewensis Sander (1903)
Dracaena laingii Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena latifolia pendula Jacob-Makoy (1870)
Dracaena leonardii Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena leonensis Lodd. ex G.Don in J.C.Loudon, Loudon's Hort. Brit.: 130 (1830)
Dracaena leopoldii Pynaert in Nursery Cat. (Éd.Pynaert - Van Geert) 1882 (Printemps): 15 (1882)
Dracaena leucochila T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena levangeri Van Geert (1875)
Dracaena liervalii Bonard in Hort. Franç. 1869(8): 243 (1869)
Dracaena limbata Van Geert (1864)
Dracaena lutescens Verschaff. in Belgique Hort. 23: 111 (1873)
Dracaena lutescens var. striata Linden ex Rafarin (1874)
Dracaena mabiliae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena macleayi Linden (1869)
Dracaena magnifica H.J.Veitch ex É.Morren (1872)
Dracaena mandaianum Anon. in Florist's Rev. 21: 8 (1907)
Dracaena martfontanensis Van Geert (1879)
Dracaena mastersii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena metallica W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 68: 5 (1872)
Dracaena mooreana Van Geert (1870)
Dracaena moorei B.S.Williams in Choice Stove Orn.-Leav. Pl.: 192 (1870)
Dracaena neocaledonica Linden in Cat. Gén. 97: 4 (1877)
Dracaena nigrescens B.S.Williams (1870)
Dracaena nigricans Jacob-Makoy (1870)
Dracaena nigrorubra Linden in Cat. Gén. 82/24: 7 (1869)
Dracaena nigrostriata W.Bull (1874)
Dracaena nitzchneri Van Geert (1878)
Dracaena nobilis Van Houtte ex Bosse in Vollst. Handb. Bl.-Gärtn., ed. 2. 5: 154 (1854)
Dracaena ornata Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 70: 9 (1873)
Dracaena pendens T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena perreyi Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena picta W.Bull (1874)
Dracaena picturata T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena placida W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 193: 13 (1883)
Dracaena porphyrophylla É.Morren (1872)
Dracaena porteana Baker (1875)
Dracaena poubellei Anon. in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 60: 530 (1888)
Dracaena princeps W.Bull (1874)
Dracaena pulchella W.Bull (1871)
Dracaena pulcherrima Baker (1875)
Dracaena punctata B.S.Williams (1870)
Dracaena reali Linden & André (1873)
Dracaena rebeccae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena regalis Baker (1875)
Dracaena reginae T.Moore in Gard. Chron. 1868: 26 (1868)
Dracaena regis André in Ill. Hort. 26: 153 (1879)
Dracaena renardiae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena rex W.Bull (1875)
Dracaena robinsoniana Van Geert (1878)
Dracaena robusta B.S.Williams (1870)
Dracaena rothiana Carrière in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 49: 68 (1877)
Dracaena rubella W.Bull (1875)
Dracaena salmonea T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena salviati Linden in Cat. Gén. 93: 37 (1875)
Dracaena scottiae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena sepiaria Seem. in Fl. Vit.: t. 94 (1866)
Dracaena shepherdii T.Moore & Mast. (1873)
Dracaena siamensis Baker (1875)
Dracaena speciosa Van Houtte in Nursery Cat. (Louis van Houtte) 177: Suppl. (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
Dracaena spectabilis W.Bull (1871)
Dracaena spinckii Van Geert (1882)
Dracaena splendens W.Bull ex É.Morren (1872)
Dracaena stenophylla K.Koch in Wochenschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 4: 395 (1861)
Dracaena striatifolia E.C.Hend. (1873)
Dracaena stricta var. alba T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena sulcata Van Geert (1873)
Dracaena superba Van Geert (1879)
Dracaena sydneyi T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena taylorii Veitch in Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 795 (1875)
Dracaena tellingii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena terminalis L. (1767)
Dracaena terminalis alba J.Wills ex H.Little in Gard. Chron., n.s., 7: 313 (1877)
Dracaena terminalis var. alba Van Houtte (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
Dracaena terminalis latifolia-pendula Van Geert (1864)
Dracaena thomiae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena thomsonii Mast. & T.Moore in Gard. Chron., n.s., 14: 656, 690 (1880)
Dracaena triumphans W.Bull (1875)
Dracaena troubetzkoi Linden & André (1874)
Dracaena utilis Baker (1875)
Dracaena venosa W.Bull (1883)
Dracaena venusta T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena verlotii Van Geert (1879)
Dracaena verschaffeltii Verschaff. in Mag. Hort. Bot. 33: 187 (1867)
Dracaena versicolor T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena vestalis Van Houtte (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
Dracaena victoriae T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena violacea T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena vivicans Van Houtte (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
Dracaena voluta T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena warocquei Linden & André in Ill. Hort. 22: 137 (1875)
Dracaena weismannii H.J.Veitch (1871)
Dracaena willsii T.Moore (1875)
Dracaena youngii É.Morren (1872)
Draco stenophylla (K.Koch) Kuntze (1891)
Ezehlsia palma Lour. ex B.A.Gomes in Mem. Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, 2 Cl. Sci. Moraes, n.s., 4(1): 29 (1868)
Taetsia ferrea Medik. in Theodora: 82 (1786)
Taetsia fruticosa var. casanovae (Linden & André) Guillaumin in Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, sér. 6, 5-6: 11 (1948)
Dianella cubensis A.Rich. in R.de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 272 (1850) Aletris chinensis Lam. in Encycl. 1: 79 (1783)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Adams, C.D. (1972). Flowering Plants of Jamaica: 1-848. University of the West Indies, Mona.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1978). Flore des Mascareignes 177-188 IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

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Fosberg, F.R. & Sachet, M.-H. (1987). Flora of the Gilbert Island, Kiribati, Checklist. Atoll Research Bulletin 295: 1-33.

Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1987). A Geographical Checklist of the Micronesian Monocotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 20: 19-129.

Fournet, J. (2002). Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique 2: 1325-2538. Gondwana editions.

Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Gardner, R.O. (2011). Trees and shrubs of Niue: an identification guide to the island's indigenous and naturalised woody plants: 1-244. R.O. Gardner, Auckland, New Zealand.

George, A.S. (ed.) (1986). Flora of Australia 46: 1-247. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne.

Hammel, B.E. & al. (2003). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 2: 1-694. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M.H. & Beck., S.G. (eds.) (2013). Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 127: 1-1741. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Liogier, H.A. & Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: a Systematic Synopsis ed. 2: 1-382. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan.

Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Sachet, M.-H. (1969). List of vascular flora of Rangiroa. Atoll Research Bulletin 125: 33-44.

Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (2008). Flora of Thailand 9(2): 91-188. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (1978). Flora of Thailand 1: 1-694. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

St.John, H. & Smith, A.C. (1971). The Vascular Plants of the Horne and Wallis Islands. Pacific Science 25: 1-348.

St.John, H. (1987). An account of the Flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species: 1-65. St.John, Honolulu.

Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.

Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.

Velayos, M. & al. (eds.) (2018). Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial 10: 1-491. Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas, Real jardín botánico, Madrid.

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VERNACULAR NAME

Aceh: Bak Juang
Ambon: Weluga
Araki: Jihi
Arosi: Diri
Australia: Broad-leaved palm lily
Bali: Endong
Bare'e: Daun Soi
Bikol: Kilála, Kilaa
Bugis: Panjureng
Central Visayas: Ti-as
Chinese (simplified): 朱蕉
Chinese (traditional): 朱蕉 - 紅葉鐵樹
Chuukese: Tii-n
Czech: Dračinka křovitá
Danish: Køllelilje
Dayak: Renjuang, Penjuang
English: Ti plant, Ti leaf, Ti, Broad-leaved palm lily, Palm lily, Cabbage palm, Good luck plant, Pacific island cabbage tree
Ere: Siy
Filipino: Kilala, Tungkod-pare
Finnish: Verililjapuu
French: Épinard hawaïen
Gorontalo: Tabango
Guangdong: 朱蕉 - 紅葉鐵樹
Hawaiian: Kī.
Hong Kong: 朱蕉 - 紅葉鐵樹
Indonesia: Hanjuang, Andong, Poufori, Ti, Andong merah, Andong hijau
Jakarta: Andong
Japanese: センネンソウ - センネンボク
Java: Andong
Kuruti: siy
Macao: 朱蕉 - 紅葉鐵樹
Madura: Kayu Urip
Makassar: Palili
Malagasy: Síly
Maori: Tī
Minang: Linjuang
Mon: ဒယိုင်ဇြပ်
Nusa Tenggara: Endong
Palauan: Sis
Palembang: Tumjuang
Pampanga: Tukud pari
Polish: Kordylina krzewiasta, Maczużnia graniczna
Portuguese: Dracena vermelha
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: siRi
Russian: Кордилина кустарниковая
Slovak: Kordylínka krovitá
Spanish: Banderilla asiática
Sunda: Hanjuang
Swedish: Bloddracena
Tagalog: sagilala
Tahitian: ’autī
Taiwan: 朱蕉 - 紅葉鐵樹
Thai: หมากผู้หมากเมีย
Tongan: Sī
Turkish: Kızıl Bacı Çiçeği
Vietnamese: Huyết dụ đỏ
Visayan: Kilála, Kilaa
Wuvulu: Si, Ti

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium