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Black pepper (Piper nigrum)

Dlium Black pepper (Piper nigrum)

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a plant species in Piperaceae, growing climbing, rich in chemical properties for pepper oil, fat oil and starch which are often used as seasonings with a slightly bitter, spicy, warm and antipyretic flavor.

P. nigrum has a trunk that climbs on a pole, sometimes also spreads on the ground surface and can reach 15 m long but in cultivation will be cut to leave 2.75-3 meters. Diameter 6-25 mm and is segmented to length 4-7 cm depending on the level of fertility. The segment at the base is usually shorter.



Soil roots grow on underground stems with 10-20 strands, small and short in size, while aerial roots grow on each segment with 10-25 strands, 2.5-3.5 cm long and are used to attach themselves to the support.

The orthotropy branch grows from the armpit of the leaf on the stem segment in the soil and above the ground. Plagiatrop branches grow from branches and will grow after fruiting twice. The more plagiatrop branches, the more fruit will grow.

Pepper leaf buds are covered in scales, springy and stemmed. Adult leaves are ovoid, pointed tip, the top surface is shiny dark green, the bottom surface is pale green, 12-18 cm long and 5-10 cm wide. The leaves that grow on the upper trunk are usually longer.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper L. in Sp. Pl.: 28 (1753)
Species: Piper nigrum L. in Sp. Pl.: 28 (1753)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Muldera multinervis Miq. in London J. Bot. 5: 558 (1846)
Muldera wightiana Miq. (1846)
Piper aromaticum Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: 79 (1791)
Piper baccatum C.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 242 (1869)
Piper colonum C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 542 (1845)
Piper denudatum Opiz in C.B.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 158 (1828)
Piper glabrispica C.DC. in J.R.Perkins & al., Fragm. Fl. Philipp.: 155 (1905)
Piper glyphicum Hoffmanns. ex Kunth in Linnaea 13: 573 (1840)
Piper laxum Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 326 (1804)
Piper malabarense C.DC. (1869)
Piper nigricans Willd. ex Link in Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 60 (1820)
Piper nigrum var. hirtellosum Asokan Nair & Ravindran in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 10: 167 (1987 publ. 1988)
Piper nigrum var. trioicum (Roxb.) C.DC. (1869)
Piper rotundum Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 23 (1790)
Piper trioicum Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 1: 153 (1820)
Rhyncholepis haeankeana Miq. in Syst. Piperac.: 284 (1843)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Aung, Y.L., Aung, M.H., Tan, Y. & Jin, X. (2025). An updated checklist of vascular plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 261: 135-364.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.

Bosser, J., Cadet, T., Guého, J. & Marais, W. (eds.) (1998). Flore des Mascareignes 149-152: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Callejas Posada, R. (2020). Flora Mesoamericana 2(2): 1-590. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.

Chayamarit, K. & al. (eds.) (2024). Flora of Thailand 16(3): 749-837. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.

Das, A.P., Samanta, A.K. & Biswas, K. (2010). A census of Piper L. (Piperaceae) in Terai, Duars and the hills of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Pleione 4: 33-41.

Dassanayake (ed.) (1988). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6: 1-424. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.

Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2014). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 7: 1-840. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Suwanphakdee, C. & al. (2020). A synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 48: 145-183.

Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.

Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of China 4: 1-453. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

van Proosdij, A.S.J., Todzia, C.A. & Görts-van Rijn, A.R.A. (2007). 7. Hernandiaceae. 8. Chloranthaceae. 9. Piperaceae. Flora of the Guianas, Series A 24: 1-214. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

VERNACULAR NAME

Armenian: Սև պղպեղ
Assamese: Jalook
Bengali: গোলমরিচ Kala marich
Burmes: ငရုတ်ကောင်း Ngayok-kaung
Chinese (simplified): 胡椒 - 黑椒
Chinese (traditional): 胡椒
Czech: Pepřovník černý
Danish: Sort peber
Dutch: Zwarte peper
English: Black pepper, Pepper plant, Common pepper, Pepper Plant, White pepper, Lada hitan
Filipino: Paminta, Paminta-liso, Pamienta
Finnish: Ryytipippuri
French: Poivrier noir, Poivre
German: Pfefferstrauch, Schwarzer pfeffer
Gujarati: Kala mari
Hindi: काली मिर्च - कालीमिर्च - उषान - मरीका Kali mirch, Kalimirch, Ushan, Marica
Indonesia: Lada, Merica
Italian: Pepe
Japanese: コショウ
Java: Mrico
Kannada: Karimenasu, Ollemenasu, Kari menasu
Kashmiri: Maricham
Khmer: ម្រេច Mréch
Konkani: Meere, Pokhlem Mirim
Lao: ຟີອິກ ນອຍສ໌ Ph'ik noyz
Lithuanian: Juodasis pipiras
Malayalam: Kurumulaku, Mulakkukodi, Nallamulaka, Kurukulak, Nallamulak
Malaysia: Lada
Manipuri: Golmarich
Marathi: Marich, Kali Mirachi, Miravel
Mizo: Thinghmarcha
Nepal: मरिच Marich
Oria: Gole mirch
Oriya: Dolo maricho
Pali: Piphali
PNG: Daka
Polish: Pieprz czarny
Portuguese: Pimenta-do-reino
Punjabi: Kali mirich
Russian: Перец чёрный
Sanskrit: Maricha, Krsna, Maricham, Ullaghah, Usanam
Sinhala: ගම්මිරිස්
Slovak: Piepor čierny
Spanish: Pimienta negra
Tagalog: Paminta
Tamil: மிலாகு - மரிகாம் - மிலாகு Milagu, Maricam, Milaku
Telugu: Miriyalu tige, Marichamu, Miriyamu
Thai: พริกไทย
Turkish: Karabiber
Urdu: سیاہ مرچ - اُشن Siyah Mirch, Ushan

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium
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