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Kassod tree (Senna siamea)

Dlium Kassod tree (Senna siamea)

Johar or kassod tree (Senna siamea) is a plant species in Fabaceae, a 2-30 m tall tree with straight and short trunks, the shadows rarely exceed 50 cm, brownish-gray bark on young branches, branching widens to form a dense canopy and rounded.

S. siamea has even pinnate leaves, 10-35 cm long with round stems, 1.5-3.5 cm long with shallow grooves in the middle and shaft without glands. Minor leaves have 4-16 pairs, somewhat warm, oval to round eggs, base and tip rounded or dull, bald, shiny upper surface and lower surface have fine hair.





Flowers are collected in panicles at the tips of branches, 15-60 cm long, have 10-60 buds divided into several panicles. The flower has 5 petals, rounded oval, 4-9 mm, thick and fine haired. Bright yellow crown, 5 strands, bald, inverted egg round, flag with 1-2 mm long nails. Ten stamens to a length of 1 cm.

Flat-shaped pods, 15-30 cm long, 12-16 mm wide, 20-30 seeds with a thickened edge and at the end of the exposure. Egg-shaped seeds, flat, 6.5-8 mm long, 6 mm wide, light brown and glossy.

This tree grows well in tropical lowlands with monsoon climate, rainfall between 500-1000 mm/year, 20-31C, deep and fertile soils with a pH of 5.5-7.5. This plant can not stand the cold, freezing and above the altitude of 1300 m.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Tribe: Cassieae Subtribe: Cassiinae
Genus: Senna Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.: [s.p.] (1754)
Species: Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 98 (1982)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cassia siamea Lam. in Encycl. 1: 648 (1785)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cassia arborea Macfad. in Fl. Jamaica 1: 343 (1837)
Cassia florida Vahl in Symb. Bot. 3: 57 (1794)
Cassia gigantea Bertero ex DC. in Prodr. 2: 492 (1825)
Cassia siamea var. puberula Kurz in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 284 (1876)
Cassia sumatrana Roxb. ex Hornem. in Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn.: 135 (1819)
Chamaefistula gigantea (Bertero ex DC.) G.Don in Gen. Hist. 2: 452 (1832)
Senna sumatrana (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 347 (1824)

PUBLICATIONS

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Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.

Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.

Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.

Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.

Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1978). Flore des Mascareignes 177-188 IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Brummitt, R.K., Chikuni, A.C., Lock, J.M. & Polhill, R.M. (2007). 61. Leguminosae Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Flora Zambesiaca 3(2): 1-218. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.

D'Arcy, W.G. (1987). Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index.. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.

Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Forero, E. & Castellanos, C. (eds.) (2019). Estudios en Leguminosas Colombianas 3: 1-398. Academia Colombiana de ciencias exactas, físicas y naturales.

Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.

Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30: 1-307.

Lepschi, B. & Monro, A. (Project Coordinators) (2014). Australian Plant Census (APC) Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria.

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Lock, J.M. & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China a check-list: 1-164. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

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Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Polhill, R.M. (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 80: 1-235. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Sanjappa, M., Pusalkar, P.K. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2024). Flora of India 6: 1-556. Botanical Survey of India.

Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.

Smith, A.C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 3: 1-758. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.

Souza, V.C. & al. (2016). Flora dos Estados de Goiás e Tocantins 48: 1-147. Universidade federal de Goiás.

Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (1946). Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Botany New Series 24(5): 1-502. Field Museum of Natural History.

Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.

Zhu, X.Y., Zhang, R.P. & He, Y.L. (eds.) (2021). An inventory of legume species diversity of Myanmar: 1-297. China Minzu university press.

VERNACULAR NAME

Assamese: Xunaroo
Bengali: কাসোদ Kassod
Burmese: မီဇာလီ Mezali
Chinese (simplified): 铁刀木
Chinese (traditional): 暹羅槐 - 鐵刀木
English: Kassod Tree, Siamese cassia, Iron Wood, Cassod tree, Cassia tree
Ewe: Zangara gbe
Finnish: Siaminsenna
French: Cassia du Siam, Séné de Siam
Hindi: कसोद Kassod, सीमिया Seemia
Hong Kong: 暹羅槐
Indonesian: Johar
Japanese: タガヤサン
Java: Jati ireng, Jati wesi
Kannada: Seemetangadi, Hiritangadi, Hiretangadi, Sima tangedu, Hiretangedi, Motovolanyaro
Kiswahili : mhoba
Lao: ຕົ້ນຂີ້ເຫລັກ Ton khi heak
Malayalam: Manjakonna, Manjakonnei
Marathi: Kassod
Melayu: Johor
Portuguese: Cássia-siâmica
Russian: Сенна сиамская
Slovak: Senna siamská
Sumatera: Bujuk, Dulang
Sunda: Juar, Juwar
Tamil: மஞ்சள் கொன்ரை Manjal konrai, மன்ஜே-கொன்னே Manje-konne, செலுமலர்க்கொன்றை Chelumalarkkonrai, சின்னக்கென்னை Sinnakennai, சீமலௌரி Seemalauari, கசோட் Kassod, மஞ்சக்கொன்னை Manjakonnai
Telugu: Sima tangedu, Seema tangedu, Kurumbi
Thai: คิเลก Khilek
Twi: Nkyedua
Vietnamese: Muồng đen

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
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