Philippine violet (Barleria cristata) is a plant species in the Acanthaceae, erect stems up to 2 meters high, terete stems, branched, covered with soft trichomes, grows wild on roadsides, slopes, along rivers, xeric vegetation at altitudes of 100-2600 m and many used as an ornamental and medicinal plant.
B. cristata has a petiole for a length of 0.3-1 cm, leaf blade oval to oblong ovate, rounded base, pointed tip, 2-10 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, a bone in the middle, the villi surface especially along the veins, 4-7 secondary veins on each side of the midvein, base cuneate and decurrent to the stalk.
Inflorescences of axillary cymes are short and dense, short pedunculate, variable bracteoles, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2.4-6.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, 3-7 veins, cuneate base, usually spiny edges but sometimes accumulates and becomes spinescent with time and sharp peaks.
The outer petal lobes are ovoid into a narrow ellipse to lanceolate, 1.2-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm wide, pilose, reticular vein, spiny edge, apex mucronate. The inner petal lobes are linear to lanceolate, 6-12 mm, 1 veined and margin scarious.
The corolla is purplish blue, 4.5-6.5 cm and the outside is pilose. The tube at the base is a narrow cylinder then gradually widens. The lobes are oval or elliptical and 1.5 cm. Four stamens and didynamous. The filaments accumulate primarily towards the base, a staminode and rarely pilose filaments.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Subfamily: Acanthoideae
Tribe: Barlerieae
Genus: Barleria L. in Sp. Pl.: 636 (1753)
Species: Barleria cristata L. in Sp. Pl.: 636 (1753)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Barleria alba G.Lodd. in Bot. Cab. 4: t. 360 (1820)
Barleria chegosa Wall. in Numer. List: n.° 2506 (1830)
Barleria ciliata Roxb. in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 38 (1832)
Barleria cristata var. albida Haines in Bot. Bihar Orissa 4: 683 (1922)
Barleria cristata var. dichotoma (Roxb.) Prain in Bengal Pl. 2: 812 (1903)
Barleria cristata var. lactea Desf. ex Nees in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 229 (1847)
Barleria cristata var. mairei (H.Lév.) H.P.Tsui in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 65 (2002)
Barleria dichotoma Roxb. (1832)
Barleria indica L. ex T.Anderson in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 115 (1863)
Barleria laciniata Wall. in Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 91 (1832)
Barleria lactea Desf. ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 1: 187 (1840)
Barleria mairei H.Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 285 (1913)
Barleria napalensis Nees in N.Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 91 (1832)
Barleria napalensis var. microphylla Nees in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. (1847)
Barleria nuda Nees in N.Wallich (1832)
Barleria prinoides Nees (1847)
Barleria venulosa Nees (1847)
Lepidagathis laciniata Wall. ex Nees (1847)
Ruellia ciliata Wall. ex Nees (1847)
PUBLICATIONS
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (2000). Flore des Mascareignes 127-135: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
Correa A., Mireya D. Galdames, Carmen Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. S. de Stapf (2004). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panamá: 1-599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Darbyshire, I., Vollesen, K. & Kelbessa, E. (2010). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Acanthaceae (Part 2): 287-756.
Deng, Y.F., Li, Z.Y., Wang, Q. & Peng, H. (2020). Flora of Pan-Himalaya 46: 1-570. Science Press, Beijing. Cambridge University Press.
Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Heine, H. (1976). Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances 7: 1-212. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
Kumar, S. (2012). Herbaceous flora of Jaunsar-Bawar (Uttarkhand), India: enumerations. Phytotaxonomy 12: 33-56.
Lorence, D.H. & Wagnwe, W.L. (2020). Flora of the Marquesas Islands 2: 413-1135. National Tropical Botanic Garden, Smithsonian, DRPF.
Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 3: 1-1248. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
Malik, K.A. & Ghafoor, A. (1988). Flora of Pakistan 188: 1-79. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Maliya, S.D. & Datt, B. (2010). A contribution to the flora of Katarniyaghat wildlife sanctuary, Baharaich district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34: 42-68.
Meena, S.L. (2012). A checklist of the vascular plants of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India. Nelumbo 54: 39-91.
Mehboob-ur-Rahman (2012). Wild plants of Swat, Pakistan 1: 1-281. Department of botany, govt. Jehanzeb post graduate college.
Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Ningombam, D.S. (2014). The family Acanthaceae for the flora of Manipur: 1-115. LAP Lambert academic publishing.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2022). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 4: 1-522. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Sarmah, K.K. & Borthakur, S.K. (2009). A checklist of angiospermic plants of Manas national park in Assam, India. Pleione 3: 190-200.
Shendage, S.M. & Yadav, S.R. (2010). Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India. Rheedea 20: 81-130.
Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.
Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1-884. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
VERNACULAR NAME
Bengali: ঝিন্টি Jhinti
Chinese (simplified): 假杜鹃
Chinese (traditional): 假杜鵑 - 鴨仔花
English: Philippine violet, Bluebell barleria, Crested Philippine violet
Guangdong: 假杜鵑 - 鴨仔花
Gujarati: Jhinti
Hindi: झिंटी - झींती - निल झिंती - तड्रेलू - वज्र दंती Jhinti, Jhintee, Nil Jhinti, Tadrelu, Vajra danti
Hong Kong: 假杜鵑 - 鴨仔花
Indonesia: Daun madu, Violet kolintang
Japanese: バルレリア
Java: Kembang landep, Landik ungu
Kannada: Jhinte, Jhante, Jhinti, Kuruvaka, Mullugoranta, Patika, Sairiyaka
Macao: 假杜鵑 - 鴨仔花
Malayalam: Chulli, Kankambram, Karimkurunni, Chulli
Marathi: Gokran, Koranti, Kinva, Kate-koranti, Gokarna
Nepali: भेडे कुरो - कटासरैया - लारी फूल - नीलमणि Bhede Kurro, Katasaraiyaa, Laaree Phool, Nilamani
Oria: Daskarada, Banfetali, Banpatoli
Oriya: Saireyaka, Daskarada, Banfetali, Banpatoli
Pashto: جهنتي Jjontee
Punjabi: Tadrelu
Russian: Барлерия гребенчатая
Sanskrit: Artagalah, Bana, Dasi Kurantakah, Jhinti, Kakubha, Kurantakah, Kuravakah, Mahasaha, Nilamlaainduka, Sairiyakah, Sahacharah, Subhaga
Sinhala: දෙසැම්බර් පූ Desæmbar pū
Slovak: Barléria hrebenatá
Spanish: Campanita morada
Taiwan: 假杜鵑 - 鴨仔花
Tamil: டிசம்பர் பூ - செம்-முல்லி - மிதுரி - நிலா-சி-செம்முல்லி - உட முல்லி - வெள்ளை-நீலாம்பரம் December Poo, Cem-Mulli, Mituri, Nila-C-Cemmulli, Uta Mulli, Vellai-Nilamparam
Telugu: Gobbi, Kodi Kannu, Mulu Goranta, Niru Goranta, Neeru goranta, Pedda Gorinta, Neelambaramu
Thai: อังกาบ
Tibetan: Sa ha ra ca
Urdu: جھنٹی Jhanti
Vietnam: Hoa chông
Aryo Bandoro
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