Soft fern (Christella dentata)

Soft fern (Christella dentata) is a species of plant in the Thelypteridaceae, small ferns growing on the edge of rainforests, rivers or more open forests with adequate humidity, circular-shaped sori covered with hairs, a widespread cosmopolitan.

C. dentata grows in the soil, often in moist rocky areas, along river banks and in sedimentary forest remnants. The rhizome spreads on the rock surface and the roots enter the rock crevices. The branching of the petiole is very close to the ground and the stem is difficult to see clearly. True roots dark in color and fibers that branch dichotomous. The tip of the root has caliptra.

True stems grow above the soil surface with lateral branching and not branching. The surface of the stem has a very dense ramenta and forms a dense layer. Stems runny when young and woody when old. The stele ranges from protostele to dictiostele and the transport bundle is composed of amphicibral concentric structures.

Compound leaves, lanceolate, green, fertile and sterile, have fronds, size 40-80 cm and soft with fine hairs on the surface. Green leaves with indented edges. Each groove has 4-5 pairs of spores lined up along the edges at the underside of the leaves, neatly arranged and lined up between sorus to form a collection of sori.

Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclass: Polypodiidae
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Aspleniinae
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Subfamily: Thelypteridoideae
Genus: Christella
Species: Christella dentata

Korean mulberry (Morus indica)

Murbei or Korean mulberry ( Morus indica ) is a species of plant in Moraceae, shrub or small tree, up to 10 meters tall, slow growing, cylindrical stem, light brown with white nodules, M. indica has heart-shaped or oval-shaped leaves and sometimes three-lobed, 4-12.5 cm long, 2.5-7.5 cm wide, pointed tip, serrated margin, green and has a stalk. Monoecious inflorescences with male and female grow on the same tree, though often on different branches. Male flowers have a size of 9-11.5 mm and are covered with fine hairs. The female flowers are subglubose or only round in shape, measuring 6-9.5 mm. Stigma is 3.5 mm long with short, thick hair. The female flowers form compound fruit and are fleshy, green and white-haired to white, red and black when ripe. Korean mulberry is used in regulating blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Morus Species: Morus indica

Swietenia mahagoni and Swietenia macrophylla, the differences

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - To date, mahogany ( Swietenia Jacq.) is recorded as having four species: West Indian mahogany or small-leaved mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.), big-leaf mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King), Honduran mahogany ( Swietenia humilis Zucc.) and Swietenia × aubrevilleana Stehlé & Cusin. The debate over the number of taxa in the genus is still not resolved. Some researchers believe that there are only two species: S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla . I agree with that opinion and the two species can only be differentiated by the size of the leaves. All species in this genus have similar morphology except for leaf size. The following is the key to identifying these two species. S. mahagoni has a stalk length of around 37 cm with 5-6 pairs of strands. The strands are about 10 cm long and about 3.5 cm wide. S. macrophylla has a stalk length of up to 45 cm with 4-5 pairs of strands. The strands are up to 31 cm long and up to 8 cm wide. By Aryo Bando...

Aquatic bacteria Comamonas testosteroni eats plastic waste into carbon for microbial growth

NEWS - Researchers report an enzyme that breaks down polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in a somewhat unlikely place: Comamonas testosteroni , a microbe that lives in sewage sludge. The enzyme could be used by wastewater treatment plants to break down microplastic particles and recycle plastic waste. Plastic pollution is everywhere, and it mostly consists of PET. The polymer is used to make bottles, containers and even clothing. PET beads are an increasingly common microplastic found in places ranging from remote oceans to inside our bodies. But the particles are so small that they can escape water treatment processes and end up in wastewater that re-enters the environment. On the other hand, wastewater also contains microorganisms that like to eat these plastic particles, including C. testosteroni, so named because it degrades sterols like testosterone. “It’s important to note that PET plastic represents 12% of global plastic use. And it accounts for up to 50% of microplastics in wastew...

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