Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a species of plant in the Solanaceae, shrub and short-lived, stems erect or lying on the ground, berries have a black color when ripe, grows in forests, agricultural land and disturbed habitats.
S. nigrum has stems erect or lying at ground level, 30-120 cm (12 to 47 in) long, branched, tubular with several linear grooves forming a cone, green and white-haired.
Leaves are elliptical to heart-shaped, 4-7.5 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, pinnate base, pointed or blunt tip, wavy edge or large toothed, dark green upper side, pale underside, hairy or hairless and has a stalk with a length of 1-3 cm.
Flowers have greenish to whitish petals, curved when old and surrounded by bright yellow anthers. The berries are mostly 6-8 mm in diameter and are green then turn dull black or black purple or red.
This plant grows well with a soil pH of 5.5-6.5 and is rich in organic matter. It is difficult to grow under conditions of high temperature and high humidity which causes the plant to grow slowly, shoots soft, easily aging fibers and poor commodities.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Solanoideae
Tribe: Solaneae
Genus: Solanum L. in Sp. Pl.: 184 (1753)
Complex: Solanum nigrum
Species: Solanum nigrum L. in Sp. Pl.: 186 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Solanum humile Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 134 (1796)
Solanum morella Desf. in Observ. Pl. Angers: 113 (1818)
Solanum morella subsp. nigrum (L.) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 10: 364 (1908)
Solanum nigrum var. genuinum Hassl. in Trab. Mus. Farmacol. 21: 104 (1909)
Solanum nigrum var. humile Macloskie in Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, Botany 8: 707 (1905)
Solanum nigrum var. legitimum Neilr. in Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 535 (1858)
Solanum vulgatum Baumg. in Fl. Lips.: 120 (1790)
Solanum vulgatum var. nigrum (L.) Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 2: 427 (1826)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Solanum acutifolium Kit. ex Kanitz in Linnaea 32: 440 (1864)
Solanum astroites G.Forst. in Fl. Ins. Austr.: 89 (1786)
Solanum atriplicifolium Desp. ex Dunal in Solan. Syn.: 12 (1816)
Solanum besserianum Weinm. in Elench. Pl. Hort. Pawlowsk.: 100 (1824)
Solanum bidentatum Raf. in Autik. Bot.: 108 (1840)
Solanum cechicum Opiz in Lotos 4: 94 (1854)
Solanum cestrifolium Jacq. ex Weinw. in Elench. Pl. Hort. Pawlowsk.: 100 (1824)
Solanum cestrifolium Jacq. ex Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 680 (1824)
Solanum cestrophyllum Dunal in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 186 (1852)
Solanum chenopodiifolium H.Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 531 (1913)
Solanum chenopodium Raf. (1840)
Solanum chlorocarpum Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 478 (1866)
Solanum cuneifolium Dunal (1852)
Solanum decipiens Opiz in B.V.von Berchtold & P.M.Opiz, Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. 3(2): XXIV (1843)
Solanum decurrens Wall. ex Dunal (1852)
Solanum exaratum Raf. (1840)
Solanum extremiorientale Ignatov in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 91(3): 113 (1986)
Solanum foetidum Rottb. in Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 287 (1778)
Solanum fontanesianum Schrank in Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac.: t. 18 (1817)
Solanum ganchouenense H.Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 295 (1912)
Solanum guineense var. nepalense Dunal (1852)
Solanum hirsutum Kit. ex Kanitz (1863)
Solanum judaicum (L.) Besser in Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 1: 183 (1809)
Solanum memphiticum var. repandum Dunal (1852)
Solanum morella var. schultesii (Opiz) Rouy & Foucaud in Fl. France 10: 365 (1908)
Solanum moschatum C.Presl in J.S.Presl & C.B.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 77 (1822)
Solanum nigrum var. atriplicifolium G.Mey. in Chloris Han.: 265 (1836)
Solanum nigrum var. atriplicifolium N.H.F.Desp. in Fl. Sarthe: 189 (1838)
Solanum nigrum subvar. atriplicifolium (G.Mey.) Schinz & Thell. in H.Schinz & R.Keller, Fl. Schweiz Exkurs., ed. 3. 2: 295 (1914)
Solanum nigrum var. chlorocarpum (Spenn.) Schur (1866)
Solanum nigrum f. chlorocarpum (Spenn.) A.Braun ex Döll in Rhein. Fl.: 413 (1843)
Solanum nigrum subsp. chlorocarpum (Spenn.) Arcang. in Comp. Fl. Ital.: 497 (1882)
Solanum nigrum var. elbaensis Täckh. & Boulos in Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 5: 102 (1974)
Solanum nigrum subsp. europaeum Fil. in Kul't. Fl. SSSR 10: 370-386 (1958)
Solanum nigrum var. flavidum S.Z.Liou & W.Q.Wang in Fl. Liaoningica 2: 1158 (1992)
Solanum nigrum var. flavum Rouy (1908)
Solanum nigrum var. glabrum Lowe in Man. Fl. Madeira 2: 73 (1872)
Solanum nigrum var. hebecaulon Lowe (1872)
Solanum nigrum var. hirsutum G.Mey. in Prim. Fl. Esseq.: 109 (1818)
Solanum nigrum var. incisum Täckh. & Boulos (1974)
Solanum nigrum inerme K.Koch in Linnaea 17: 283 (1843)
Solanum nigrum f. judaicum (L.) Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637 (1857)
Solanum nigrum var. judaicum L. in Sp. Pl.: 186 (1753)
Solanum nigrum f. luridum Wessely in Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 63: 311 (1960)
Solanum nigrum var. luteovirescens N.H.F.Desp. (1838)
Solanum nigrum var. macrocarpum Schur (1866)
Solanum nigrum subsp. moschatum (C.Presl) Arcang. (1882)
Solanum nigrum var. ochrocarpum Lej. in A.L.S.Lejeune & R.J.Courtois, Comp. Fl. Belg. 1: 194 (1828)
Solanum nigrum f. pallidum Wessely (1960)
Solanum nigrum f. paludosum Miq. (1857)
Solanum nigrum var. perennans Bertol. in Fl. Ital. (Bologna) 2: 634 (1836)
Solanum nigrum var. schultesii (Opiz) Rouy in Acta Horti Gothob. 10: 201 (1935)
Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely (1960)
Solanum nigrum var. stenopetalum Döll (1845)
Solanum nigrum f. stenopetalum A.Braun ex Döll (1843)
Solanum nigrum var. stylosum Witasek in Anales Univ. Chile 124: 456 (1909)
Solanum nigrum var. tauschii (Opiz) Rouy (1908)
Solanum nigrum var. vulgare L. in Sp. Pl.: 186 (1753)
Solanum nigrum var. vulgatum Dunal (1852)
Solanum nigrum var. vulgatum L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 266 (1762)
Solanum paludosum Dunal (1852)
Solanum parviflorum Moris ex Badarò in Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti, Dec. 2, 7: 364 (1824)
Solanum peregrinum E.P.Bicknell in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 332 (1915)
Solanum probstianum Polgar in Mitt. Naturf. Ges. Solothurn 12: 30 (1938)
Solanum pseudoflavum Pojark. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 17: 338 (1955)
Solanum pterocaulum var. deppei Dunal (1852)
Solanum reineggeri Opiz (1843)
Solanum repens Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 26 (1790)
Solanum rhinozerothis Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 695 (1826)
Solanum rottboellianum Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 4: 668 (1819)
Solanum roxburghii Dunal (1852)
Solanum schultesii Opiz (1843)
Solanum speciosum Dunal (1852)
Solanum stenopetalum A.Braun in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 8 (1853)
Solanum tauschii Opiz (1842)
Solanum villosum var. glabrescens Opiz ex Roem. & Schult. (1819)
Solanum viride Schur (1866)
Solanum vulgare (L.) Hegetschw. in Fl. Schweiz: 219 (1839)
Solanum vulgatum var. chlorocarpum Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 3: 1074 (1829)
PUBLICATIONS
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VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Eetbare Nastergal, Nagskade, Nasgal, Nagskaal, Galbessie, Gifappel, Balbessie, Gaalbessie, Galbossie, Inkbossie, Nachtschade, Nachtshade, Nagsgalbossie, Nagskaalbossie, Nagsshade, Nagtagaalbossie, Nagtegaalbossie, Nasgalbossie, Nastagaal, Nastagaalbossie, Nastegaal, Nastegaalbossie, Nastegalbossie, Nastergal, Nastergalbossie, Nastergalink, Sobosoboweed, Umsobo, Wildenastagal, Wildenastergal, Witnastergal
Arabic: عنب الثعلب - عنب الذئب - مغد أسود
Basque: Mairu-belarra
Belarusian: Паслён чорны
Bunun: Sanglavhudu, Sanglavtataku
Catalan: Morella vera
Chinese (simplified): 龙葵 - 野葡萄 - 天天儿
Chinese (traditional): 龍葵 - 牛酸漿 - 老鴉酸漿草 - 烏仔菜 - 烏藤仔 - 烏子仔草
Croatian: Crna pomoćnica
Czech: Lilek černý, Lilek vlnatý
Danish: Sort natskygge
Dutch: Zwarte nachtschade, Beklierde nachtschade
English: Black nightshade, Black night shade, European black nightshade, Common nightshade, Woody nightshade, Garden nightshade, Petty morel, Hounds berry, Black-berry nightshade, Branched calalu, Common garde berry, Common night-shade, Duscle, Garden night-shade, Hound's Berry, Night-shade, Prairie huckleberry, Pretty morel, Sobosobo, Sobosobo weed, Stubbelberry, Stubbleberry, Common black nightshade, Hairy black nightshade, Simply black nightshade, Blackberry nightshade, Pretty morel
Estonian: Must maavits
Filipino: Konti, Anti, Kuti
Finnish: Mustakoiso, Silomustakoiso, Karvamustakoiso
French: Morelle noire
German: Schwarzer Nachtschatten, Gewöhnlicher Schwarzer Nachtschatten, Schultes Nachtschatten, Behaarter Schwarzer Nachtschatten, Drüsiger Schwarzer Nachtschatten, Täuschender Nachtschatten
Greek: Στύφνος
Hebrew: סולנום שחור
Heilongjiang: 天天儿
Hindi: मोकोई - कामुनी Mokoi, Kamuni
Hungarian: Fekete csucsor
Indonesian: Ranti, Takokak ranti, Leunca
Italian: Morella comune
Japanese: イヌホオズキ - 犬酸漿
Java: Ranti
Jilin: 天天儿
Kamba: Ndulu
Kannada: Kakki hannu soppu, Kaaki, Kaachi, Ganike, Bellaganike,
Kaakamanchi, Kaakamunchi
Kikuyu: Manugu, Nagu
Korean: 까마중
Kwanyama: Ndemukolenghula
Latvian: Melnā naktene
Liaoning: 天天儿
Lithuanian: Juodoji kiauliauogė
Malayalam: Eradakukkeera, Karimthakkali, Mullakuthakkali, Manathakkali, Tudavalam, Mulaku-thakkali
Malaysia: Ranti, Terong meranti, Terong parachichit
Maluku: Bobosa
Manipuri: Leipungkhangga
Maori: Raupeti, Remuroa
Mapudungun: Llage
Marathi: Laghukavali
Ndau: MuTsungutsungu
Ndebele: Umsobo, Ixabaxaba
Nepali: कालो बिही - काली गेडी - जङ्गली बिही Kaalo Bihee, Kaalee Gedee, Jangalee Bihee
North America: European black nightshade
Norwegian: Kjertelsøtvier, Svartsøtvier
Oceania: Takuta
Oria: Nunununi, Thutguna
PNG: Takuta
Polish: Psianka czarna
Portuguese: Erva-moura
Romanian: Zârnă
Russian: Паслён чёрный
Sepedi: Lethotho
Shangaan: Kophe
Shona: Musungusungu, Mukundanyama, Musaka, Musangusangu
Slovak: Luľok čierny
Slovenian: Pasje zelišče
Sotho: Limomonyane, Lintsontso, Mofukuthoane, Momoli, Montsontso, Sehloabohloko, Seshoa-bohloko, Seshoa-bokloko, Seshoa-lohloko, Seshoa bohloko
Spanish: Hierba mora, Tomatillo del diablo
Sunda: Leunca
Swati: Umsobo-sobo
Swedish: Nattskatta, Vanlig nattskatta, Hårig nattskatta
Taiwan: 龍葵
Tamil: மிளகுத்தக்கலி - கருந்தா - மணத்தக்கல்லி - மணடக்காளி - காசித்தாழை Milaguthakkali, Karuntha, Manathakkalli, Manatakkali, Kaasithazhai
Tangkhul: Hantehan
Telugu: Kasaka, Kasi, Kamanchi, Gajju chettu, Kachchi pundu
Ternate: Bobose, Bobosa
Thai: มะแวงนก - ใช่ ทอมต๊อก - คาอ้อม
Tsonga: Kophe
Turkish: Köpek üzümü
Ukrainian: Паслін чорний
Urdu: مکویا Makoya
Welsh: Codwarth du
Xhosa: Seshoabohloko, Umsobosobo
Zulu: Umsobosobo, Isihalakuhle, Isihlalakuhle, Isi-hlalakuhle, Udoye, uGqumgqumu, Ugwabha, Umaguqa, Umgwaba, Umqunbane, Umsobo-omncane, Unsobo
Aryo Bandoro
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