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Areca palm (Areca catechu)

Dlium Areca palm (Areca catechu)

Areca palm (Areca catechu) is a species of plant in the Arecaceae, monocots, straight stems, slender, up to 25 meters high, up to 15 cm in diameter, widely used for snacks, sweets, pharmaceuticals, household appliances and handicrafts.
A. catechu has a tubular leaf midrib with a length of 80 cm and a short petiole. Strands up to 80 cm long, leaflets 85x5 cm with torn and serrated ends. Flower heads with elongated spathas, easy to fall off, appear under the leaves, about 75 cm long, short stalks and double branches, tip axis up to 35 cm long.



One female flower at the base, about 1.5 cm long, 6 stamens and green. The male flowers are arranged in 2 rows embedded in grooves, 4 mm long and white and yellow. Buni fruit is oval inverted, elongated, red-orange, 3.5-7 cm long and has fibrous fruit walls. A seed and egg-shaped.

This plant grows well on deep soil solum without rock layers, lateric soil types, red clay and alluvial. Rainfall 750-4,000 mm/year with wet months between 3-6 months or water available throughout the year. The optimum temperature is between 20-32C, air humidity is 50-90%, soil pH is 4-8 and sunlight is 6-8 hours/day.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Tribe: Areceae
Subtribe: Arecinae
Genus: Areca L. in Sp. Pl.: 1189 (1753)
Species: Areca catechu L. in Sp. Pl.: 1189 (1753)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Areca faufel Gaertn. in Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 19 (1788)
Areca hortensis Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 568 (1790)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Areca catechu var. alba Blume in Rumphia 2: 68 (1839)
Areca catechu var. batanensis Becc. in Philipp. J. Sci. 3: 304 (1908)
Areca catechu f. communis Becc. in Philipp. J. Sci. 14: 304 (1919)
Areca catechu var. longicarpa Becc. in Philipp. J. Sci. 6: 229 (1911)
Areca catechu var. nigra Giseke in Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl.: 73 (1792)
Areca catechu var. portoricensis Becc. (1919)
Areca catechu var. silvatica Becc. (1919)
Areca cathechu Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 241 (1768)
Areca himalayana Griff. ex H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 231 (1878)
Areca macrocarpa Becc. in Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 601 (1909)
Areca nigra Giseke ex H.Wendl. (1878)
Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart. in Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 169 (1838)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Anh, T.T.P. & Henderson, A. (2017). Thực Vật Chí Việt Nam. Flora of Vietnam 13: 1-414. Nhà xuất bản khoa học và kỹ thuật, Hà Nội.

Baker, W.J., Barfod, A.S., Cámara-Leret, R., Dowe, J.L., Heatubun, C.D., Petoe, P., Turner, J.H., Zona, S. & Dransfield, J. (2024). Palms of New Guinea: 1-726. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.

Heatubun, C.D., Dransfield, J., Flynn, T., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S., Mogea, J.P. & Baker, W.J. (2012). A monograph of the betel nut palms (Areca: Arecaceae) of East Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 147-173.

Henderson, A. (2009). Palms of Southern Asia: 1-197. Princeton university press, Princeton and Oxford.

Meyer, J.-Y., Lavergne, C. & Hodel, D.R. (2008). Time bombs in gardens: invasive ornamental palms in tropical islands, with emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Palms; Journal of the International Palm Society 52: 23-35.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Powling, A. (2009). The palms of Buton, Indonesia, an island in Wallacea. Palms; Journal of the International Palm Society 53: 84-01.

Sharief, M.U. (ed.) (2024). Flora of India 28: 1-764. Botanical Survey of India.

Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.

Watling, D. (2005). Palms of the Fiji Islands: 1-191. Environmental Consultants (Fiji) Ltd., Suva.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2010). Flora of China 23: 1-515. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

VERNACULAR NAME

Aceh: Pineung
Bali: Buah
Batak: Pining
Bengali: সুপারি Supari
Bunun: Saviki
Chinese (simplified): 槟榔
Chinese (traditional): 檳榔
Czech: Areka obecná
Danish: Betelpalme
Dutch: Betelpalm
English: Areca Palm, Betel Palm, Betel Nut Palm
Filipino: Bunga, Takotob, Boa
Finnish: Betelpalmu
French: Aréquier, Palmier à bétel
German: Betelnuss-Palme
Gujarati: Ayrike, Sopari
Hindi: सुपारी - चमारपुष्पा - गुवाक - गुवा - खपुर - पग - पुगी - पुंगी - उदवेग Supari, Chamarpushpa, Guvak, Guwa, Khapur, Pug, Pugi, Pungi, Udveg
Hungarian: Bételpálma
Indonesian: Pinang, Jambe
Japanese: ビンロウ
Java: Jambe, Penang, Pineng, Pineung
Kannada: Adake, Adike, Adike mara
Karo: Batang mayang
Konkani: Pophala, Supari
Lithuanian: Katekinė areka
Madura: Penang
Makassar: Rapo
Malayalam: Kamuk, Kavung, Kavungu, Adakkamaram, Adakka, Chempalukka, Kazhangu, Pakku
Malaysia: Pinang
Maluku: Pua, Biwa, Biwasoi, Mucillo Palm
Manipuri: Kwa pambi
Marathi: Pophal, Pophali, Pug, Pugaphal, Pugiphala, Supari
Medan: Penang
Minangkabau: Batang pinang
Nepali: सुपारी Supari
Nusa Tenggara: Bua, ua, wua, pua, fua, hua
Oceania: Buai
Oria: Gua
Palauan: Buuch
Polish: Areka katechu
Portuguese: Palmeira areca, Arequeira, Palmeira-bétel, Areca, Faufel
Russian: Арека катеху - Бетелевая пальма
Sanskrit: Akoth, Chamarpushpa, Guvakah, Khapur, Pugaphal, Pugh, Pugi, Udveg, Valktaruh, Puga
Slovak: Areka betelová
Spanish: Nuez Areca
Sulawesi: Gahat, Gehat, Kahat Laam, Hunoto, Luguto, Poko Rapu, Amongun
Sunda: Jambe
Tamil: கமுகு - பாக்கு - அடை-க்-கே - சகுந்தம் - சாமர-புட்பம் - காந்தி - குண்டர்-கமாகு - புகம் - விம்பு Kamugu, Pakku, Atai-k-kay, Chakuntam, Chamara-putpam, Kanti, Kuntar-kamaku, Pukam, Vimpu
Telugu: Ghonta, Khapuramu, Kramukamu, Poka, Pugamu, Vakka, Poka-vakka
Ternate: Hena
Thai: หมากสง
Truku (Taiwan): Sbiki

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