Kluwak (Pangium edule)

Kluwak or keluak or kepayang or black spice (Pangium edule) is a species of plant in the Achariaceae, a large tree, 60 meters high, 120 cm diameter trunk, large leaves, large and poisonous fruit, grows wild and semi-wild, producing ingredients for cooking a number of dishes.

P. edule has cylindrical, upright, branched stems and reddish-brown or whitish bark. Leaves oval or heart shaped, long stalk, green, rounded tip, flat margin, a main vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins.

The fruit is large, has a stalk, oval in shape with a tapered tip and base. Hard skin, rough surface and brown. Flesh is white or yellow. Seeds are large, flat, round, hard skin, brown, white inside.

The seeds are used as a spice which gives it a dark brown color. Dyes can be substituted for synthetic dyes such as Chocolate Brown FH and Chocolate Brown HT. Unripe seeds are highly toxic and contain high concentrations of cyanide. The seeds are safe for food after boiling.

TAXON :

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Achariaceae
Genus: Pangium Reinw. in Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 12 (1825)
Species: Pangium edule Reinw. in Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 12 (1825)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS :

Hydnocarpus edulis (Reinw.) Peterm. in Pflanzenreich: 827 (1845)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS :

Hydnocarpus polyandrus Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 545 (1845)
Pangium ceramense Teijsm. & Binn. ex Slooten in Bijdr. Combret. Flacourt. Ned.-Ind.: 80 (1919)
Pangium naumannii Warb. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 23 (1893)
Pangium rumphii Voigt in Hort. Suburb. Calcutt.: 85 (1845)

PUBLICATIONS :

Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1-346.

Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1955-1958). Flora Malesiana 5: 1-595. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta

VERNACULAR NAME :

Dayak Simpang: Poyang, Poyakng
English: Kluwak
Filipino: Pangi
Indonesian: Kluwak, Keluak, Kaloa
Javanese: Kluwak, Kluwêk, Pucung
Ma'anyan: Lakuak
Minahasa: Pangi
Minangkabau: Simanguang
Palauan: Riamel
South Sulawesi: Pamarrasan
Sumatera: Kepayang
Sundanese: Picung, Pucung
Toraja: Pamarrasan

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