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Apa apa (Flemingia macrophylla)

Dlium Apa apa (Flemingia macrophylla)

Apa apa (Flemingia macrophylla) is a plant species in Fabaceae, woody shrub, perennial, deep-rooted, erect, 0.6-2.4 meters high, flat or triangular stems, green or brown or gray in color and white or brown hair.

F. macrophylla has trifoliate leaves with long stalks and hairs. Leaflets are thin, elongated oval in shape, the tip is sharp, the upper surface is dark green and glabrous, the lower surface is gray and hairy.





Spicate-racemose or paniculate dense inflorescences and bracts foliaceous or dry, persistent or deciduous. The pods are small and turn brown when ripe. Cracked pods, generally with 2 seeds in the vessel. Seeds are round, 2–3 mm in diameter, and shiny black.

This species grows in shrubs, forests, meadows, forest edges and the like. The bushes are mostly seen under trees along streams and in meadows, in clay and lateritic soils.

This plant is tolerant of light shade and can survive fires. Tolerant of long dry spells and very poor soils with waterlogging. Grows on a wide range of soils in the pH range of 4-8 and highly soluble aluminum (80% saturation). Rainfall 1100-3500 mm/year. Flowering and fruiting all year round.

A number of bioactive compounds have been reported from F. macrophylla. Like other members of Fabaceae, it is rich in Flavonoids. Genistein, 5, 7,3’, 4’-tetrahydroxyisoflavone, 5, 7, 4’-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5, 7,4’-trihydroxy-8,3’-diprenylflavanone, 5, 7,4’-trihydroxy-6-prenylisoflavone, flemichin D, lespedezaflavanone A and ouratea-catechin are isolated from the root, in which genistein and its isoflavones analogs are the main constituents. A novel flavanone, named fleminone, was isolated from a petrol extract of the stems. A new isoflavone, called flemiphyllin was also isolated.[8] Three new flavonoids, fleminginin, flemingichromone, and flemingichalcone (3), and other twenty known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts.

The plant is used in a variety of weed control and soil protection and erosion control practices. Often used to shade young coffee and cocoa plants.

Extracts from this plant have been used to treat rheumatism, female reproductive organs, skin care and anti-oxidants. The active compounds Flemingin P and Flemingin Q from the leaves have anti-breast cancer cell activity (4T1 and T47D cells). The leaves inhibit the growth of cancer cells from the early stages of metastasis to apoptosis.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Phaseoleae Subtribe: Cajaninae Genus: Flemingia Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton in Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 4: 349 (1812) Species: Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze ex Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 130 (1910)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Crotalaria macrophylla Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 3: 982 (1802) Maughania macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 199 (1891)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Crotalaria cavaleriei H.Lév. in Fl. Kouy-Tchéou: 229 (1915)
Flemingia brevipes Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 68 (1927)
Flemingia congesta Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton in Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 4: 349 (1812)
Flemingia congesta var. tomentosa Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 165 (1855)
Flemingia congesta var. viridis Prain in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 440 (1897)
Flemingia horsfieldii Blume ex B.D.Jacks. in Index Kew. 1: 970 (1893)
Flemingia latifolia var. hainanensis Y.T.Wei & S.K.Lee in Guihaia 5: 169 (1985)
Flemingia latifolia var. siamensis Craib in Fl. Siam. 1: 470 (1928)
Flemingia macrophylla var. congesta (Roxb. ex W.T.Aiton) M.R.Almeida in Fl. Maharashtra 2: 78 (1998)
Flemingia macrophylla var. viridis (Prain) H.B.Naithani in Flow. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan: 117 (1990)
Flemingia sericans Kurz in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 186 (1874)
Flemingia trinervia Desf. in Tabl. École Bot., ed. 2: 269 (1815)
Hedysarum trinervium Roxb. ex Wall. in Numer. List: n.° 5747 (1831)
Maughania brevipes (Craib) H.L.Li in Amer. J. Bot. 31: 226 (1944)
Maughania macrophylla f. poecilantha Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 199 (1891)
Maughania macrophylla f. viridula Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 199 (1891)
Maughania sericans (Kurz) Mukerjee in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 6: 20 (1952)
Maughania tomentosa (Miq.) H.L.Li in Amer. J. Bot. 31: 227 (1944)
Rhynchosia crotalarioides DC. in Prodr. 2: 387 (1825)
Rhynchosia sericea S.Vidal in Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip.: t. 40, f. D (1883)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Balslev, H. & Chantaranothai, P. (2023). Flora of Thailand 4(3.3.): 489-715. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.

Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.

Du Puy, D.J., Labat, N.-N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.-F., Bosser, J. & Moat, J. (2002). The Leguminosae of Madagascar: 1-737. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Govaerts, R. (2001). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS Genera starting with letter E-F: 1-50919.

Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera & C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2010). Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Herrera, K., Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T. & Balick, M.J. (2010). Checklist of the Vascular plants of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia with local names and uses. Allertonia 10: 1-204.

Kumar, S. & Sane, P.V. (2003). Legumes of South Asia. A Checklist: 1-536. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lepschi, B. & Monro, A. (Project Coordinators) (2014). Australian Plant Census (APC) Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria.

Lock, J.M. & Ford, C.S. (2004). Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lock, J.M. & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China a check-list: 1-164. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lock, J.M. (1989). Legumes of Africa a check-List: 1-619. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Mattapha, S. & al. (2021). New records and synonymisations of Flemingia (Fabaceae: Phaseoleae) for Thailand, Laod and Myanmar. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 49: 76-87.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Polhill, R.M. (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 80: 1-235. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Ranasinghe, S. & al. (2020). The national red list 2020 - Conservation status of the flora of Sri Lanka: 1-254. Biodiversity secretariat, Ministry of environment and the national herbarium.

Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2010). Flora of China 10: 1-642. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Zhu, X.Y., Zhang, R.P. & He, Y.L. (eds.) (2021). An inventory of legume species diversity of Myanmar: 1-297. China Minzu university press.

VERNACULAR NAME

English: Apa apa, Large-Leaf Flemingia
Hindi: बड़ा-सलपन - भालिया Bara-salpan, Bhalia
Indonesian: Apa apa, Tengiring
Javanese: Apa apa, Orok-orok alas, Kepokan
Malayalam: Kamatteri, Korkattachedi
Marathi: Dandola, Damdalvo, Dowdowla
Mizo: Uifawma-ring
Nepali: Bhatabaasee, Bhatamaase
Oria: Thutokur, Thulikur, Gariguri
Sanskrit: Salaparni
Sunda: Hahapan
Telugu: Antinta, Kandran Regu, Kandranrogo

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