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Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi)

Dlium Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi)

Kluwih or breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) is a plant species in Moraceae, a tree with a height of up to 35 meters, cylindrical stem, hard and sturdy, many branches, producing a milky white sticky sap on the surface of the stem and has a growth rate of 0.5-1.5 meters per year.

A, camansi has large, thick and strong leaves, 40-60 cm long, 25-45 cm wide and pinnately pinnate. Male and female flowers occur at the ends of the branches. Each male flower has two anthers and is club-shaped. Thousands of male flowers are grouped together in 3 cm diameter and 25-35 cm long inflorescences.



The fruit is round, thick and spiny skin, weighing 800 g, 16-20 cm long, 8-15 cm wide, greenish-yellow in color and each mature tree produces 600-800 fruits per year. The inside of the fruit is white with a sweet taste and aroma. Each fruit has 12-150 seeds with a mass of 7-10 g per seed.

Kluwih can be found in tropical environments along the lowlands at elevations of 0-1550 meters, on stagnant river banks and in water swamps. Plants do best in an annual temperature range of 15-40C in deep, well-drained soil with neutral to alkaline soil acidity.

Fruit is described as having high nutritional value but is an underutilized food source. Young fruit is usually consumed by cutting it thinly and then boiling it in sub as a vegetable. Often cooked with coconut milk and spices.

The young seeds are roasted, boiled, canned, ground or processed into a paste, butter, flour or oil. The old seeds are blended and added with a little water to mix palm sugar, coconut milk, salt and glutinous rice flour until it thickens and becomes jenang. Roasted fruit flesh and given the spices to be shredded. Wood is used for industrial purposes.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Artocarpus
Species: Artocarpus camansi

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Artocarpus altilis var. seminifer (Stokes) Fournet in Fl. Illustr. Phan. Guadeloupe & Martinique 1: 171 (2002)
Artocarpus incisifolius var. seminifer Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 331 (1812)
Artocarpus incisus var. muricatus Becc. in For. Borneo: 628 (1902)
Artocarpus incisus var. seminifer (Stokes) Duss in Fl. Phan. Antill. Franç.: 156 (1897)
Artocarpus leeuwenii Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 67: 175 (1935)
Artocarpus papuanus Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 67: 175 (1935)

PUBLICATIONS

Agus Riyadi (28 Maret 2021). Di Kendal, Kluwih diolah Jadi Jenang, Abon dan Emping. Gatra.

Blanco, Francisco Manuel (1837). Flora de Filipinas : Segun El Sistema Sexual de Linneo. Manila: Imprenta de Sto. Tomás por D. Cándido López.

Gardner, E.M. & Zerega, N.J.C. (2021). Taxonomic updates to Artocarpus subgenus Pseudojaca (Moraceae), with a particular focus on the taxa in Singapore. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 73: 309-374.

Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.

Ragone, Diane (2011). "Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)". In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources. ISBN 978-0970254481.

Ragone, Diane (April 2006). Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). "Artocarpus camansi (breadfruit), ver.2.1". Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. Retrieved 18 April 2012.

Roberts-Nkrumah, Laura B. (2005). "Fruit and seed yields in chataigne (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) in Trinidad and Tobago". Fruits. Cambridge University Press. 60 (6): 387–393. doi:10.1051/fruits:2005044. S2CID 86274422. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

Rosnani Nasution (2013). Didekilketon compunds from the leaves of Artocarpus camansi. Blanco Proceedings of The 3rd Annual International Conference - Syiah Kuala University.

Sukatiningsih (Desember 2005). Sifat Fisikokimia dan Fungsional Pati Biji Kluwih. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Vol 6 No 3.

Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2004). "Complex Origins of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilus, Moraceae): Implications for Human Migrations in Oceania". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 760–766. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.760. PMID 21653430. Retrieved 18 April 2012.

Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–615. doi:10.1600/0363644054782134. S2CID 85907225.

VERNACULAR NAME

Aceh: Kulu
Arabic: الخبز
Chinese (Simplified): 面包坚果
Chinese (Traditional): 麵包堅果
English: Breadnut
Filipino: Kamansi
Hebrew: אגוזי לחם
Hindi: ब्रेडनट
Indonesian: Kluwih
Japanese: パンナッツ
Javaniese; Kluwih, Kulur, Kelur, Kulor, Kuror
Korean: 빵가루
Makassar: Kos-del, Gamasi
Malay: Sukun biji
New Guinea: Kapiak
Russian: Хлебное дерево каманси
Sri Lanka: කොස්දෙල්
Sunda: Kulur, Timbul Thai: สำปะลอ

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