Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a species of plant in Rhamnaceae, a small tree, usually crooked, up to 15 meters high, trunk diameter up to 40 cm, branches spreading and often hanging down with branches growing irregularly and often thorny.

Z. mauritiana has supporting leaves in the form of spines, 5-7 mm long, straight or in the form of dimorphic pairs, the second of which is shorter and curved, sometimes without spines. Single leaves sit alternately.



The leaves are egg-shaped or oblong, 2-9 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, the upper side is glabrous and shiny, the lower side has whitish hair, the three main veins are clearly visible running parallel. Leaf stalks are 8-15 mm long.

The inflorescences are umbrella-shaped, forked, growing in the leaf axils, 1-2 cm long and have 7-20 flowers. The flowers are 2-3 mm in diameter, yellowish, slightly fragrant and peduncles 3-8 mm long. The petals have 5 spurs and are triangular in shape. The flowers have 5 petals, somewhat spatula-like, concave and curved.

Fruits are round to ovoid, up to 6 cm but mostly much smaller, skin shiny and thin but strong, yellowish or reddish to black when ripe. White flesh with lots of juice and a sour to sweet taste. The seeds are protected in a shell and have irregular grooves, are brown and oval-shaped.

Fruit is bought and sold as fresh fruit to be eaten directly or made into fresh drinks. The fruit is also dried or candied. Young fruits are eaten with salt. Fruit is a source of carotene, vitamins A and C.

The young leaves are used as vegetables and the old leaves are used as animal feed. A decoction of the leaves is drunk as a herbal medicine. The leaves foam like soap when kneaded in water and are used to bathe people with fever. The leaves are also used to bathe corpses.

Leaves are also used to maintain heart health, speed up wound healing, lower cholesterol, improve the digestive system, reduce the risk of diabetes, treat hemorrhoids, treat acne, antibacterial, lose weight, and care for hair. The bark is used to treat digestive disorders, as a medicine for stomach, stomach, intestinal and as a tonic. Root bark to treat urinary pain and bleeding.

Reddish colored wood, smooth texture, hard and durable. Wood is used for household utensils, ax handles, construction, furniture, cupboards, packing crates, veneer and plywood. Wood has a specific gravity of 0.54-1.08. The heartwood has a yellow-brown or pale red or brown to dark brown color. This wood dries well, but sometimes breaks a little. Good quality firewood with calories of 4,900 kcal/kg. Bark and bidara fruit are also used as dyes. These materials produce tannins and a reddish-brown or grayish coloring.

This species grows in areas with clear dry seasons, hot and rich in sun, but also experiences adequate rainy seasons to grow twigs, leaves and flowers, and maintain soil moisture during fruit production. Grows with rainfall of 300-500 mm/year and elevations of up to 1000 meters.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Tribe: Paliureae
Genus: Ziziphus Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.: [s.p.] (1754)
Species: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. in Encycl. 3: 319 (1789)
Variety: Ziziphus mauritiana var. fruticosa (Haines) Sebastine & A.N.Henry, Ziziphus mauritiana var. mauritiana, Ziziphus mauritiana var. pedunculata Bhandari & Bhansali, Ziziphus mauritiana var. pubescens Bhandari & Bhansali, Ziziphus mauritiana var. spontanea (Edgew.) R.R.Stewart ex Qaiser & Nazim.

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Sarcomphalus mauritianus (Lam.) Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 29 (1838)
Ziziphus indica Chaz. in Suppl. Dict. Jard. 2: 728 (1790)

PUBLICATIONS

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VERNACULAR NAME

Abor: Gange-Asing
Ahom: মাক খে Maak Khe
Alor: Bĕdara
Arabic: سيدر هندي Sidr hindi
Assamese: Bogori
Bali: Bĕkul
Bengali: বদরী - বড়োই - কুলা Badari, Boroi, Kula
Bima: Rangga
Bodo: Baigree, Bwigriphithai
Burmese: အင်္ဂ-စီ - ဇီး-ပန် Eng-si, Zee-pen
Chinese (simplified): 滇刺枣 - 毛叶枣 - 印度枣 - 牛奶枣 - 台湾大青枣
Chinese (traditional): 印度棗 - 台灣大青棗 - 滇刺棗
Deori: Tikoji
Dimasa: Sam-Dilaudi, Thaigundi
Dogri: Beri
Dutch: Indiase jujube
English: Bidara, Indian jujube, Chinese Apple, Indian plum, Buffalo Thorn, Jujubier
Filipino: Manzanita, Manzanitas
Finnish: Intianjujuba
French: Pomme-surette, Surette, Jujubier
Garo: Theng-Khi
Gujarati: Bor, Bordi
Hajong: Bogri
Haryanvi: Ber
Hindi: बादर - बेर - खिचड़ी - कोल - कुबल - फेनिल - पिच्छल-डाला Badar, Ber, Khichadi, Kol, Kubal, Phenil, Picchal-Dala
Hmar: Theite
Indonesia: Bidara, Bidara Arab, Dara, Widara
Japanese: イヌナツメ - インドナツメ
Java: Widara, Dara
Kachari: Thai-Ganggi
Kachchhi: Boedi
Kannada: Baare, Badari, Bogari, Bore, Egaci, Elachi, Era, Karkandhu Mara, Bugari mara, Bare hannina mara, Era
Karbi: Bogori, Thakri-Arong
Khasi: Dieng-Soh-Broi, Kangkil, U Sohplom
Khmer: ពូទ្រីយ៉ា Putrea
Kokborok: Barui
Konkani: Boaarr, Bor
Kuki: Boroi
Kumaoni: Baer
Lao: ກວ່າ Than
Madura: Bukkol, Bukol
Maharashtra: बोर
Makassar: Bidara
Malayalam: Badari, Badaram, Cherumali, Elentha, Jujuba, Ilantha, Kolam, Lanthapazham, Parinthudar, Perimthudal, Chirimullu
Malaysia: Bidara, Epal siam, Jujub
Manipuri: Boroi
Marathi: Badari, Bher, Bor, Saubari
Mishing: Bogori
Mizo: Bo-Rai
Nagamese: Bogori, Plom
Ndebele: Umsawu
Nepali: अगुजे बायर - बायर Aguje Bayar, Bayar
Odia: Barakoli, Bir-Ru Koli, Karkandhu, Phenila, Bodokoli, Bodori, Boyer, Barakuli
Oria: Barokoli, Bodokoli, Bodori, Boyer, Barakuli
Pahari: Baer
Pali: Badar
Punjabi: Ber, Khichchar, Unab
Rabha: Khingkhi
Rajasthani: Bor, Mithiber
Rote: Kok
Russian: Зизифус мавританский
Sanskrit: Badara, Baleshta, Drdhabija, Kala, Karkandhu, Kola, Kuha, Kuvala, Phalashaishira, Phenila, Picchaladala, Sauviraka, Snigdhapattra, Suphala, Suvira, Svaccha, Svaduphala, Vakrakanta, Badarah, Kolahi
Santali: Dedhaure, Didhauri, Edhe Janum, Jom Janum
Sasak: Gol
Sawu: Ko
Shona: Musawu, Musau, Sau
Sindhi: Ber
Sinhala: මසං
Slovak: Jujuba obyčajná
Spanish: Guinda, Capulincillo, Ciruela de monte
Sumba: Kalangga
Swedish: Indisk jujuber
Tamil: இலந்தை - யெல்லாண்டே - இலந்தை - யெல்லாண்டே Ilanthai, Yellande, Ilantai, Yellande
Tangkhul: Boroi
Telugu: Badari, Gangaregu, Gangareegu, Gongarenu, Karkhanduvu, Regu, Rengha, Regikarakandhavu, Reni
Thai: มาตัน - มาทอง - พุทสา Ma tan, Ma thong, Phutsa
Tibetan: Gya-Shug
Timor: Kom, Kon
Tiwa: Pugri
Tulu: Bogori
Urdu: بدر Badar, بیر Ber, کھچڑی Khichadi, کول Kol, کبل Kubal, فینیل Phenil
Vietnam: Tao, Tao nhuc

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