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Apple mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris)

Dlium Apple mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris)

Apple mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a species of plant in the Lythraceae, evergreen tree, wide crown, up to 20 meters high, cream to brown bark with fine horizontal cracks, thick roots and appears in the form of rather thick pointed cones .

S. caseolaris has leaves sitting opposite each other, thick, oval or inverted oval, 5-10 long, 3-9 cm wide, wide rounded tips, often curved and the stems are often red.



The flowers are red, ephemeral, fully developed after 20.00 at night (nocturnal) and contain a lot of nectar. The fruit has a diameter of 6-8 cm, green, smooth surface, stemmed tip, cup-shaped petals that cover the base of the fruit and sour taste. The seeds are numerous and flat.

This species grows in brackish areas in mangrove forests and muddy soil along small rivers with slow flowing water and is influenced by tides and lots of sunlight, temperature 20-30C, rainfall 1500-2500 mm/year and pH 6.7-7 ,3.

This plant is a pioneer in mangrove forests, often growing in the sea but in parts that are protected from direct waves. The fruit floats in water and is spread by sea currents and tides.

This wood is durable in sea water and is often used for boat decks. Young leaves are eaten raw or boiled. The fruit is astringent and sour, eaten when it starts to soften and used as a seasoning for fish dishes.

Plants contain alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics (gallic acid, 2 luteolin flavonoids, luteolin 7-O-ß-glycoside), pectin, tannins, saponins, nyasol, maslinic acid. Often used as a hemostatic, a medicine for sprains, swelling, wounds and bruises, worms, coughs, smallpox, bloody urine and a stimulant.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Sonneratia L.f. in Suppl. Pl.: 38 (1782)
Species: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1: 261 (1897)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Aubletia caseolaris (L.) Gaertn. in Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 379 (1788)
Blatti caseolaris (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 238 (1891)
Rhizophora caseolaris L. in Herb. Amb.: 13 (1754)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Sonneratia acida L.f. in Suppl. Pl.: 252 (1782)
Sonneratia evenia Blume in Mus. Bot. 1: 337 (1851)
Sonneratia neglecta Blume in Mus. Bot. 1: 338 (1851)
Sonneratia obovata Blume in Mus. Bot. 1: 337 (1851)
Sonneratia ovalis Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 198 (1848)
Sonneratia rubra Oken in Allg. Naturgesch. 3(3): 1952 (1841)

PUBLICATIONS

Aung, Y.L., Aung, M.H., Tan, Y. & Jin, X. (2025). An updated checklist of vascular plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 261: 135-364.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

George, A.S. (ed.) (1990). Flora of Australia 18: 1-349. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2021). Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-403.

Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.

Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1970-1995). Flora of West Pakistan 1-131.

Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1-346.

Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1948-1954). Flora Malesiana 4: 1-631. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 13: 1-548. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

VERNACULAR NAME

Ambon: Warakat merah, Wahat merah
Banjarmasin: Pedada, Perepat merah, Rambai
Bengali: পিদাদা Pidada
Brunei: Pedada nasi
Burmese: တမူး - တပူး Tamoo, Tapoo
Chinese (simplified): 海桑
Chinese (traditional): 海桑
English: Apple mangrove, Pidada, Pagatpat, Bogem, Crabapple mangrove, Mangrove apple, Firefly mangrove
Filipino: Hikau-hikauan, Ilukabban, Palapat, Palata, Pagatpat, Payar, Pedada, Palata
French: Palétuvier soleil rouge
German: Mangroven apfel, Holzapfel mangrove
Hindi: पिडाडा Pidaada
Hong Kong: 海桑
Indonesia: Pidada Merah, Prapat, Padada, Bagem, Perepat Merah
Japanese: カイナンプシキ
Java: Bogem, Bidada, Kapidada, Betah
Kalimanta: Bogem, Perepat merah
Kannada: Archaka, Kandaale, Kandale
Khmer: អំពូ-ក្រូហ៊ុម - ឡុប អ៊ូ Ampou-krohom, Lop ou
Lao: Kanpakuaao
Madura: Bogêm, Bhughem, Poghem
Malayalam: Blatti, Chakkarakandal, Puzhamunja, Thirala
Malaysia: Berembang, Perepat laut
Maldivian: ކުއްޅަވައް
Melayu: Berembang
Nepali: पिडाडा Piḍaḍa
Portuguese: Mangue-doce
Simaulue: Alatat
Sinhala: කිරල ගෙඩි Kirala gédi
Slovak: Sonerácia ovocná
Sumatera: Berembang
Sunda: Bogem
Tamil: Kark koṭṭaikaḷ
Ternate: Posi-posi merah
Thai: ลำพู
Urdu: پیڑا Peda
Vietnam: Bãn sè, Bần chua

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium
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