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Loop-root mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata)

Dlium Loop-root mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata)

Loop-root mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae, evergreen, 10-27 meters high, up to 70 cm in diameter, dark to black bark, cracked bark, horizontal, many large stilt roots with a height of up to 2 meters above mud and woody.

R. mucronata has leaves that sit opposite each other, collected at the ends of the twigs, the buds are covered in supporting leaves that are rolled up and pointed and are white or red in color, fall off quickly and leave scars similar to bulging rings. The leaves are elliptical, thick, smooth, green or yellowish, with a pointed tip, have a stalk, 12-24 cm long, 4-13 cm wide.



Flowers are grouped in additional umbrellas, stalked, forked in axils and 4-8 florets. The crown is white, with long hairs up to 9 mm. Flowers all year round. The fruit is egg-shaped, green-brown, 5-7 cm and viviparous. Cylindrical hypocotyl, large, rough, nodules and 36-70 cm long. The cotyledon neck is yellow when ripe.

This species tolerates hard and sandy substrates. More abundant in deeply flooded and humus-rich substrates in estuaries, tidal rivers, flat beaches which are exposed to tidal flooding every day. Sometimes it occurs as a pure stand or may grow with other species.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Genus: Rhizophora L. in Sp. Pl.: 443 (1753)
Species: Rhizophora mucronata Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 189 (1804)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Rhizophora mucronata var. typica A.Schimp. in Indo-Malay. Strandfl.: 92 (1891)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Rhizophora latifolia Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 324 (1861)
Rhizophora longissima Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 398 (1837)
Rhizophora macrorrhiza Griff. in Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 8: 8 (1836)
Rhizophora mucronata var. alokii Ragavan in PhytoKeys 52: 96 (2015)
Rhizophora mucronata f. reducta Hochr. in Candollea 2: 446 (1925)
Rhizophora rugens Ehrenb. ex Schweinf. in Beitr. Fl. Aethiop.: 233 (1867)

PUBLICATIONS

Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1994). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 1: 1-336. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.

Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.

Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 90-106: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.

Castle, G.E. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. Orstom Editions.

Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 2: 1-511. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.

George, A.S. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Australia 22: 1-239. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of Japan IIc: 1-328. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.

Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.

Kar, S.K. & al. (2016 publ. 2017). Additions to the flora of Chilika lake and its immediate neighbourhood. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 40: 134-150.

Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.

Launert, E. (ed.) (1978). Flora Zambesiaca 4: 1-658. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1980-). Flora of Pakistan 135- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.

Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Ragavan, P. & al. (2015). Taxonomical identity of Rhizophora × annamalayana Kathir and Rhizophora × lamarckii Montrouz (Rhizophoraceae) in the Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Taiwania 60: 183-193.

Rechinger, K.H. (1990). Flora Iranica 166: 1-3. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.

Sheppard, C.R.C. & Seaward, M.R.D. (eds.) (1999). Ecology of the Chagos archipelago: 1-350. Westbury Academic & Scientific Publishing, Otley.

Singh, V., Singh, P. & Dash, S.S. (eds.) (2021). Flora of India 9: 1-482. Botanical Survey of India.

Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (1970-1975). Flora of Thailand 2: 1-484. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.

Thulin, M. (ed.) (1993). Flora of Somalia 1: 1-493. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.

Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1955-1958). Flora Malesiana 5: 1-595. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 13: 1-548. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Yuncker, T.G. (1959). Plants of Tonga. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283.

VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Rooiwortelboom
Bantoanon: Bakawan
Bengali: ভারা - গর্জন - খামু Bhara, Garjan, Khamu
Brunei: Bakau kurap, Lenggayong
Burmese: ပျူ Pyoo
Chinese (simplified): 红茄苳
Chinese (traditional): 紅茄苳
English: Loop-root mangrove, Indo-West Pacific Stilt Mangrove, Red mangrove, Asiatic mangrove
Filipino: Bakáu, Bakáuan, Tong
Finnish: Otapunamangrove
French: Palétuvier rouge
Gujarati: Kandel, Karad
Indonesian: Bakau Kurap, Bakau hitam, Tinjang tongas
Java: Tongkat laut
Kannada: Kandale, Nija Kaandla, Olle Kaandla, Uppu Kandle
Khmer: ដើមប្រសាក់ Doeum prasak
Konkani: Kamdalam
Maharashtra: कांदळ
Malagasy: Honkovavy
Malayalam: Panachikandal, Pranthan kandal, Pikandal, Peekkandal, Praanthan Kandal
Malaysia: Bakau hitam, Bakau jangkar, Bakau kurap
Marathi: Dumbi, Kamo, Kandal, Kurano
Odia: Rai Gachha
Oria: Rai, Rohi
Palauan: Tebechel
PNG: Mangoro
Portuguese: Mangue-palafita
Russian: Ризофора остроконечная
Singapura: Bakau laut, Belukap
Slovak: Koreňovník hrotitý
Southern Africa: Red Mangrove
Taiwan: 紅茄苳
Tamil: கண்டல் - கந்தல் - பேய்-க்-கந்தல் Kandal, Kantal, Pey-K-Kantal
Telugu: Ponna, Uppu ponna, Adavi Ponna, Kandla, Manci Ponna, Uppu Ponna
Thai: โกงกางใบใหญ่
Tulu: Kaandla
Vietnam:Dung, Duoc bop, Duoc rung cam
Zulu: Umngombamkhonto

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