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Indian porterweed (Stachytarpheta indica)

Dlium Indian porterweed (Stachytarpheta indica)

Indian porterweed (Stachytarpheta indica) is a species of plant in the Verbenaceae, shrub, upright, up to 100 cm high, cylindrical or square stems, green in color, trident branches and green or bluish in color, with white hair.

S. indica has oval or elongated oval-shaped leaves, up to 13 cm long, up to 8 cm wide, pinnate at the base, toothed margins and green in color. The main vein is in the middle, the top is bluish and the bottom is green. The minor veins are pinnate.



The inflorescences are in panicles up to 46 cm long and green in color. The flowers are fan-shaped, 4 parts and blue with white aisles. This species grows in the lowlands, near mangrove ecosystems with dry mud, near coastal ecosystems with sandy soil, forests, agricultural land and roadsides with lots of sun or some shade.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Tribe: Duranteae
Genus: Stachytarpheta Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 205 (1804)
Species: Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 206 (1804)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis var. indica (L.) H.J.Lam in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 3: 7 (1921)
Valerianoides indica (L.) Medik. in Philos. Bot. 1: 178 (1789)
Verbena caudata Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 71 (1796)
Verbena indica L. in Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 851 (1759)
Vermicularia lancifolia Moench in Suppl. Meth.: 150 (1802)
Zappania indica (L.) Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: 59 (1791)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 205 (1804)
Stachytarpheta angustifolia var. elatior Schrad. in J.A.Schultes, Mant. 1: 172 (1822)
Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. elatior (Schrad. ex Schult.) López-Pal. in Revista Fac. Farm. Univ. Andes 14: 21 (1974)
Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. jenmanii (Moldenke) Moldenke in Phytologia 28: 467 (1974)
Stachytarpheta angustifolia f. rionegrensis Moldenke in Phytologia 37: 408 (1977)
Stachytarpheta angustissima Moldenke in Phytologia 20: 243 (1970)
Stachytarpheta elatior Schrad. (1822)
Stachytarpheta elatior var. jenmanii Moldenke in Phytologia 1: 427 (1940)
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis f. parviflora Moldenke (1974)
Stachytarpheta surinamensis Miq. ex Pulle in Enum. Vasc. Pl. Surinam: 402 (1906)
Valerianoides jamaicensis var. linearifolia Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 510 (1891)
Verbena angustifolia Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 15 (1768)
Verbena lancifolia Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 2: 750 (1841)
Zappania angustifolia (Mill.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 8: 841 (1808)

PUBLICATIONS

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Atkins, S. (2005). The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60: 161-272.

Aung, Y.L., Aung, M.H., Tan, Y. & Jin, X. (2025). An updated checklist of vascular plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 261: 135-364.

Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.

Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTOM, Bangui.

Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.

Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.

Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.

Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.

Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Fernandes, R.B. (2006). Contribução para o conhecimento das Avicenniaceae e Verbenaceae da Flora de Angola. Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17(2): 5-68.

Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Fosberg, F.R. & Stoddard, D.R. (1994). Flora of the Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 393: 1-60.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hammel, B.E. & Grayum, M.H. (2011). Lectotypification and reinstatement of Stachytarpheta friedrichsthalii (Verbenaceae), with notes on the Lectotypification of S. indica. Novon 21: 437-439.

Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 1-690. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.

Ilunga wa Ilunga, E. & Meerts, P. (2024). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaïre - Rwanda - Burundi), n.s., Verbenaceae: 1-57. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise.

Lebrun, J.P., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.

Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 30: 1-307.

Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.

Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.

Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (eds.) (2022). Flore du Gabon 58: 1-150. Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim; Meise Botanic Garden.

Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.

VERNACULAR NAME

Bali: Pecut kebo
Bengali: কারিয়ার্থরানি Kāriẏārtharāni
Burmese: ကျွဲရိုက်တံ Kyawal rite tan
English: Indian Porterweed, Indian snakeweed, Buffalo whip, Blue snakeweed, Nettle-leaved vervain
Filipino: Latigo ng kalabaw
Hindi: Kariyartharani, Kariyaartharaanee
Indonesian: Cambuk kerbau, Pecut kebo
Java: Pecut kebo
Kannada: Kari uttarani, Kadu utarani
Khmer: រំពាត់ក្របី Rompeat krabei
Lao: ແສ້ຄວາຍ Aes khuaai
Madura: Cambuk kerbu
Malayalam: Katapunnuttu, Seemakongini
Melayu: Cemeti kerbau
Minang: Cambuk kabau
Nepal: करियर्थरानी Kariyartharani
Pashto: کاریارتهرانی Karyartairani
Portuguese: Erva-de-grilo
Russian: Стахитарфета индийская
Sinhala: සීමායි නයුරුවි Seemai nayuruvi, Simayi nayuruvi
Sunda: Pecut kebo
Tamil: சீமை நாயுருவி Seemai nayuruvi, Cimai nayuruvi
Thai: แส้ควาย S̄æ̂ khwāy
Urdu: کریارتھرانی Karyartharani Vietnam: Roi trâu

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