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Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa)

Dlium Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa)

Sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) is a species of plant in the Moraceae, a large tree, up to 30 meters high, trunk diameter up to 3 meters, heart-shaped leaves with elongated drop tips, up to 30 cm long, up to 20 cm wide and leaf stalks up to 10 cm long.

F. religiosa has small fruit 1-1.5 cm wide, green, purple to black when ripe. Strong trunks submerged in floodwaters. This species grows at elevations of 10-1500 meters, temperatures from 0-35, various types of soil to rock crevices, but prefers alluvial sandy loam soil.



TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Ficeae
Genus: Ficus Tourn. ex L. in Sp. Pl.: 1059 (1753)
Species: Ficus religiosa L. in Sp. Pl.: 1059 (1753)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Urostigma religiosum (L.) Gasp. in Ric. Caprifico: 82 (1845)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Ficus caudata Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 358 (1812)
Ficus peepul Griff. in Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 393 (1854)
Ficus religiosa var. cordata Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 287 (1867)
Ficus religiosa var. rhynchophylla Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 287 (1867)
Ficus rhynchophylla Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 1: 637 (1840)
Ficus superstitiosa Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 449 (1822)
Urostigma affine Miq. in London J. Bot. 6: 564 (1847)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.

Bosser, J., Cadet, T., Guého, J. & Marais, W. (eds.) (1985). Flore des Mascareignes 161-169: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.

Broicz, K. (1982). Flora Iranica 153: 1-15. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

Caminho, J., Mutemba, L., Matusse, E., Osborne, J., Wursten, B., Burrows, J., Cianciullo, S., Malatesta, L. & Attorre, F. (2022). An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants. PhytoKeys 189: 61-80.

Chantarasuwan, B., Berg, C.C. & van Welzen, P.C. (2013). A revision of Ficus subsection Urostrigma (Moraceae). Systematic Botany 38: 653-686.

Chaudhary, L.B., Sudhakar, J.V., Kumar, A., Bajpai, O., Tiwari, R. & Murthy, G.V.S. (2012). Synopsis of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India. Taiwania 57: 193-216.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.

Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.

Ghafoor, A. (1985). Flora of Pakistan 171: 1-54. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.

Govaerts, R. (2001). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS Genera starting with letter E-F: 1-50919.

Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1983). Flora of Bhutan 1(1): 1-186. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.

Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Oppenheimer, H. & Bustamente, K.M. (2014). New Hawaiian plant records for 2013. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 115: 19-22.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Pusalkar, P.K., Mao, A.A. & Inge, P. (eds.) (2022). Flora of India 24: 1-688. Botanical Survey of India.

Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.

Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2003). Flora of China 5: 1-505. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

VERNACULAR NAME

Arabic: أثأب الهند - تين المجوس - تين الأصنام - فيكس لسان العصفور
Assamese: Ahot, Pippol
Austria: Heilige Feige, Heiliger Feigenbaum, Indischer Pepulbaum, Pappelfeige
Bengali: অশ্বত্থ Asbattha
Chinese (simplified): 菩提树
Chinese (traditional): 菩提樹 - 畢缽羅
Czech: Fíkovník posvátný
Danish: Helligt Figentræ
Dutch: Bodhiboom
English: Sacred fig, Bo tree, Tree Of enlightment, Peepal, Bodhi tree, Bo tree, Peepul tree, Peepal tree, Pipala tree, Ashvattha tree
Estonia: Püha viigipuu
Finnish: Temppeliviikuna
French: Figuier des pagodes, Heilige feige, Heiliger feigenbaum, Indischer pepulbaum
German: Pappelfeige
Gujarati: Asvattha, Piplo
Hebrew: פיקוס קדוש
Hindi: अश्वत्थ - पीपल - पिपली - पीपर Aswattha, Pipal, Pipli, Pipar
Hong Kong: 菩提樹
Indonesian: Pohon bodhi, Ara suci, Pohon pippala, Pohon peepal, Pohon ashwattha
Japanese: インドボダイジュ - テンジクボダイジュ
Kannada: Ashwathamara, Arali mara, Aralimara, Asvatthamara
Konkani: Ashvata Ruku, Pimpal
Korean: 보리수
Macao: 菩提樹
Maharashtra: पिंपळ
Malayalam: Arayal, Arasu, Ashvatham, Bodhivriksham, Thullal, Pippalam
Manipuri: Sana Khongnang
Marathi: Pimpal, Ashwattha, Pimpala
Mizo: Hmâwng
Nepali: पीपल Pipal
Oria: Pipal, Pipalo, Jori, Usto
Oriya: Osta
Polish: Figowiec pagodowy
Portuguese: Figueira religiosa
Russian: Фикус священный
Sanskrit: Ashwatha, Pipalah, Ashvattah, Pippala, Ashvattha, Pippala, Bodhivriksha, Kunjarashan, Plaksha
Santali: ᱦᱮᱥᱟᱜ - ᱡᱟᱢᱲᱚ ᱦᱮᱥᱟᱜ
Sinhala: ඇසතු
Slovak: Figovník posvätný
Spanish: Amate sagrado
Swedish: Tempelfikus
Taiwan: 菩提樹
Tamil: அரசமரம் - அரகா-மரம் - பிப்பலம் Arasamaram, Araca-Maram, Pippalam
Tangkhul: Khaorathei
Telugu: Rai, Raavi, Ashvathamu, Bodhi, Pippali, Pippalamu, Ravichettu
Thai: โพ
Ukrainian: Фікус священний
Urdu: پیپل Peepal
Vietnamese: Bồ đề

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
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