Skip to main content

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Dlium Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a plant species in the Amaryllidaceae family. It is an annual herb that grows from a bulb and produces a tall, upright flowering stalk, reaching up to 1 meter in height. Its leaves are flat, linear, and solid, measuring 1.25–2.5 cm in width with pointed tips. The plant bears hermaphroditic flowers that range in color from bright red to purple.

The bulb of A. sativum has a strong aroma and typically consists of 10–20 cloves. Cloves located near the center are generally symmetrical, while those toward the periphery may be asymmetrical. Each clove is enclosed by an inner protective leaf, with the entire bulb surrounded by outer layers of leaves.

The bulb is crushed or finely chopped for use as a seasoning. The plant possesses antibiotic properties. In its raw form, it consists of 59% water, 33% carbohydrates, 6% protein, 2% dietary fiber, and less than 1% fat.

The plant produces sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, and S-allylcysteine. Additionally, it contains enzymes, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products that form during cooking. The phytochemicals responsible for garlic’s pungent flavor are generated when the plant's cells are damaged.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Allioideae
Tribe: Allieae
Genus: Allium
Subgenus: Allium
Section: Allium
Subsection: Allium
Species: Allium sativum

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Allium sativum var. vulgare Döll in Rhein. Fl.: 197 (1843)
Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. in Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 110 (1830)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. (1830)
Allium controversum Schrad. ex Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 358 (1809)
Allium longicuspis Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 45 (1875)
Allium ophioscorodon Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 318 (1821)
Allium pekinense Prokh. in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 24: 181 (1929-1930 publ. 1931)
Allium sativum f. asiae-mediae Kazakova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 10: 77 (1978)
Allium sativum subsp. asiae-mediae Kazakova (1978)
Allium sativum subsp. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) K.Richt. in Pl. Eur. 1: 199 (1890)
Allium sativum var. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) Regel (1875)
Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon (Schübl. & G.Martens) Döll (1843)
Allium sativum subsp. ophioscorodon Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 220 (1834)
Allium sativum f. pekinense (Prokh.) Makino in Ill. Fl. Nippon, revis. ed.: 840 (1961)
Allium sativum var. pekinense (Prokh.) F.Maek. in J. Jap. Bot. 15: 149 (1939)
Allium sativum f. sagittatum Kazakova (1978)
Allium sativum subsp. subrotundum (Gren.) K.Richt. (1890)
Allium sativum var. subrotundum Gren. in J.C.M.Grenier & G.Gordon, Fl. France Corse 3: 197 (1855)
Allium sativum f. vulgare Kazakova (1978)
Allium scorodoprasum var. multibulbillosum Y.N.Lee in Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 1: 3 (2002)
Allium scorodoprasum subsp. viviparum (Regel) K.Richt. (1890)
Allium scorodoprasum var. viviparum Regel (1875)
Porrum ophioscorodon Rchb. (1830)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Boulos, L. (2005). Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo. Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.

Dar, G.H. & Govaerts, R.H.A. (2025). Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Sind Valley 1: 1-606. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1984). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1-632. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.

Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1997). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 6: 1-586. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.

Espejo Serena, A. & López-Ferrari, A.R. (1993). Las Monocotiledóneas Mexicanas una Sinopsis Florística 1(1): 1-76. Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México, México D.F.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2002). Flora of North America North of Mexico 26: 1-723. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.

Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.

Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.

Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.

Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánes, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok.

Maire, R. (1958). Flore de l'Afrique du Nord 5: 1-307. Paul Lechevalier, Paris.

Merkodovich, N.A. (ed.) (1941). Flora Uzbekistana 1: 1-566. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.

Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

Nasir, E. (1975). Flora of Pakistan 83: 1-31. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1963). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 2: 1-454. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Pavlov, N.V. (ed.) (1958). Flora Kazakhstana 2: 1-290. Alma-Ata, Izd-vo Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR.

Petrova, N.A. (ed.) (1967). Flora Kirgizskoi SSR dopolnenie 1: 1-149. Frunze : Izd-vo KirgizFAN SSSR.

Robertson, S.A. (1989). Flowering Plants of Seychelles: 1-327. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Singh, N.P. & Sanjappa, M. (eds.) (2006). Alliaceae, Liliaceae, Trilliaceae & Uvulariaceae. Fascicles of Flora of India 23: 1-134. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi.

Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (1978). Flora of Thailand 1: 1-694. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.

Stalažs, A. (2024). List of vascular plants of Latvia (with Latvian names): 1-312. Dobele.

Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1985). Flora of Iraq 8: 1-440. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.

Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 6: 1-619. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.

Zhengyi, W. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2000). Flora of China 24: 1-431. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

VERNACULAR NAME

Angami: Chumerie
Arabic: ثوم مزروع
Assamese: Nohoru
Bunun: Salu
Chinese (simplified): 大蒜 - 蒜头
Chinese (traditional): 大蒜
Chontal: Ajus
Czech: Česnek kuchyňský
Danish: Hvidløg
English: Garlic, Cultivated garlic
Estonian: Küüslauk
Filipino: Bawang, Ajos, Ahus
Finnish: Kynsilaukka, Valkosipuli
French: Ail, Ail commun, Ail cultivé
German: Knoblauch
Hebrew: שום תרבותי
Hindi: लहसुन - लहसन - लस्सन Lahsun, Lahsan, Lassan
Hungarian: Fokhagyma
Indonesia: Bawang putih
Italian: Aglio
Japanese: ニンニク
Java: Bawang
Kannada: Bellulli
Kashmiri: Ruhun
Khmer: ខ្ទុម សា Khtüm sââ
Korean: 마늘
Lao: ຄາທິເອມ Kath'ièm
Lithuanian: Valgomasis česnakas
Malayalam: Vellulli
Malaysia: Bawang putih
Manipuri: Chanam
Marathi: Lasun
Mizo: Purun-var, Purunvar
Nepali: लसुन Lasun
Nyduka: Lai
PNG: Galik
Polish: Czosnek pospolity, Czosnek zwyczajny
Portuguese: Alho
Romani: Syr
Russian: Лук чеснок
Sepedi: Khonofolo
Sinhala: සුදු ළූණු
Slovak: Cesnak kuchynský
Spanish: Ajo
Sunda: Bawang bodas
Swedish: Vitlök
Tagalog: Bawang
Taiwan: 大蒜
Tamil: பூண்டு Poondu
Tangkhul: Hanam
Telugu: Velluli
Thai: กระเทียม
Turkish: Sarımsak
Ukrainian: Часник городній
Urdu: لہسن Lehsan

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium
Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) manufacture bubble-nets as tools to increase prey intake

NEWS - Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) create bubble net tools while foraging, consisting of internal tangential rings, and actively control the number of rings, their size, depth and horizontal spacing between the surrounding bubbles. These structural elements of the net increase prey intake sevenfold. Researchers have known that humpback whales create “bubble nets” for hunting, but the new report shows that the animals also manipulate them in a variety of ways to maximize catches. The behavior places humpbacks among the rare animals that make and use their own tools. “Many animals use tools to help them find food, but very few actually make or modify these tools themselves,” said Lars Bejder, director of the Marine Mammal Research Program (MMRP), University of Hawaii at Manoa. “Humpback whales in southeast Alaska create elaborate bubble nets to catch krill. They skillfully blow bubbles in patterns that form a web with internal rings. They actively control details such ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Javan mocca or Javan slender caesar (Amanita javanica)

OPINION - Javan mocca or Javan slender caesar ( Amanita javanica ) is a mysterious fungus species and has been enigmatic since it was first reported by Boedijn in 1951 and after that no explanation or reporting of specimens is believed to be the same as expected. Boedijn (1951) described A. javanica which grew on Java island as having the characteristics covered in the Amanita genus. Corner and Bas in 1962 tried to describe Javan mocca and all species in Amanita based on specimens in Singapore. Over time some reports say that they have found A. javanica specimens in other Southeast Asia including also China, Japan, India and Nepal. But there is no definitive knowledge and many doubt whether the specimen is the same as described by Boedijn (1951). I was fortunate to have seen this species one afternoon and soon I took out a camera for some shots. In fact, I've only met this mushroom species once. Javan mocca is an endangered species and I have never seen in my experience in...
Post a Comment
Read more

Awar awar (Ficus septica)

Awar-awar or lagnob or hauli tree or barabar or sirih popar or tobo tobo ( Ficus septica ) is species of plants in Moraceae, trees grow in bushes or in neglected places and sap contained in roots, twigs, leaves and fruit is used to treat poisoning and digestive problems. F. septica is usually 1-5 m high, although in the forest it can be up to 25 m. Round, hollow and bare branches. Roots, twigs, leaves and fruit will emit a yellow sap and sticky if injured. The base of the leaves is large and spiky, arranged alternately or face to face with a stem length of 2.5-5 cm. Large leaf blade, round egg, 9-30x9-16 cm, rounded base and blunt narrow tip, flat-edged, upper side dark green with 6-12 secondary bones pale white. Fruit paired, single or clustered up to 4 items, short-stemmed, at the base has 3 protective leaves, light green or gray green and 1.5 cm in diameter. F. septica is food for 22 animal species including wasps, bats, birds, monkeys and mice as well as seed dispersing vecto...
Post a Comment
Read more