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Olive (Olea europaea)

Dlium Olive (Olea europaea)

Olive (Olea europaea) is a plant species in the Oleaceae family; it is an evergreen tree or shrub reaching a height of 8–15 meters, characterized by an irregular, gnarled, and twisted trunk. The leaves are simple, arranged oppositely without stipules, and are silvery-green and oblong, measuring 4–10 cm in length and 1–3 cm in width.

O. europaea produces flowers and fruits. The small, white, hairy flowers feature a ten-lobed calyx and corolla, two stamens, and a bifid stigma. The fruit is a small drupe (1–25 cm long) containing a seed with endosperm. Fruits from wild plants are smaller and more slender than those from cultivated varieties.

The fruit is harvested at stages ranging from green to purple. The tree begins to bear fruit at five years of age and can live for up to 2,000 years.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Olea L. in Sp. Pl.: 8 (1753)
Species: Olea europaea L. in Sp. Pl.: 8 (1753)
Subspecies: Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S.Green, Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis G.Kunkel & Sunding, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif., Olea europaea subsp. europaea, Olea europaea subsp. guanchica P.Vargas, J.Hess, Muñoz Garm. & Kadereit, Olea europaea subsp. laperrinei (Batt. & Trab.) Cif., Olea europaea subsp. maroccana (Greuter & Burdet) P.Vargas, J.Hess, Muñoz Garm. & Kadereit

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Olea pallida Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 13 (1796)
Olea sativa Hoffmanns. & Link in Fl. Portug. 1: 388 (1820)

PUBLICATIONS

Aung, Y.L., Aung, M.H., Tan, Y. & Jin, X. (2025). An updated checklist of vascular plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys 261: 135-364.

Bergmeier, E., Blockeel, T., Böhling, N., Fournaraki, C., Gotsiou, P., Jahn, R., Lansdown, R. & Turland, N. (2011). An inventory of the vascular plants and bryophytes of Gavdopoula island (S Aegean, Greece) and its phytogeographical significance. Willdenowia 41: 179-190.

Castroviejo, S. (ed.) in Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Iberica 11: 1-672. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.

Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.

Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.

Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Green, P.S. (2006). World Checklist of Oleaceae Manuscript Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.

Sauerbier, H., Cabrera Calixto, F. & Muer, T. (2023). Flora Vascular de Canarias: 1-1514. Turquesa.

VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Olienhout, Olyfboom
Arabic: الزيتون - زيتون
Armenian: Ձիթենի եվրոպական
Belarusian: Масліна еўрапейская - Масліна культурная
Bunun: Kantumaz
Catalan: Olivera
Chinese (simplified): 油橄榄 - 木樨榄- 木犀榄 - 齐墩果
Chinese (traditional): 油橄欖
Croatian: Maslina
Czech: Olivovník evropský
Danish: Oliven
Dutch: Olijf
English: Olive, African olive, European olive, Wild olive
Esperanto: Olivarbo
Estonian: Harilik õlipuu
Finnish: Öljypuu, Öljyoliivipuu
French: Oliviers
Friulian: Ulîv
German: Olivenbaum, Echter Ölbaum
Greek: Ελιά
Hebrew: זית אירופי
Hindi: ज़ैतून
Hungarian: Olajfa
Indonesia: Zaitun
Italian: Olivo, Ulivo
Japanese: オリーブ
Java: Jaétun
Kabyle: Azemur
Korean: 올리브나무
Kurdish: Zeytûn
Lithuanian: Europinis alyvmedis
Mauritian Creole: Olivier de Borubon
Polish: Oliwka europejska
Portuguese: Oliveira, Zambujeiro
Russian: Маслина европейская - Олива европейская - Олива культурная - Оливковое дерево
Sepedi: moLhware
Serbo Croatian: Maslina
Slovak: Oliva európska
Slovenian: Divja oljka
Sotho: moHlware
South Africa: moHlware
Spanish: Olivo, Acebuche
Swati: umNquma
Swedish: Olivträd
Tajik: Зайтун
Thai: มะกอกโอลีฟยุโรป
Tsonga: Mutlhwari
Tswana: moTlhware
Turkish: Zeytin
Ukrainian: Маслина європейська - Оливкове дерево європейське
Venda: Mutwari
Xhosa: umNquma
Zulu: umNqumo

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium
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