Pala or nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a plant species in Myristicaceae, an evergreen tree originating from the Banda Islands in Maluku, has a high value as a spice, fruit and seeds and has been an important trading commodity since Roman times.
M. fragrans has a height of 5-20 m or even 30 m in Tidore. The leaves have a 1 cm stalk, arranged alternately, in the shape of a slender ellipse, 5-15 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, a sharp tip, a bone in the middle with many sideways veins, the upper surface is shiny dark green and the lower surface is pale green.
Male and female flowers grow on different trees, although sometimes individuals produce both types of flowers. Bell-shaped flowers, pale yellow and fleshy. Staminates are arranged in groups of up to ten, each 5-7 mm long. The carpels are in smaller groups, one to three and slightly longer up to 10 mm.
Karpelat produces fruit that is ovoid, yellow, smooth, 6-9 cm long and 3.5-5 cm in diameter. The fruit has a fleshy skin and has a distinctive aroma due to the essential oil content. When ripe the rind will split into two parts along the ridge that runs along the fruit.
The fruit that has opened will reveal the seeds. A seed is brownish purple and shiny, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm wide and has a red covering. Seeds are a great source of nutmeg. Seeds contain 7-14% essential oil.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Myristicaceae
Genus: Myristica
Species: Myristica fragrans Houtt. in Nat. Hist. 2(3): 333 (1774)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Palala fragrans (Houtt.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 567 (1891)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Aruana silvestris Burm.f. in Ind. Alt.: G, verso (1769)
Myristica amboinensis Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 225 (1919)
Myristica aromatica Sw. in Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ.: 96 (1788)
Myristica laurella Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 225 (1919)
Myristica moschata Thunb. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1782: 49 (1782)
Myristica officinalis L.f. in Suppl. Pl.: 265 (1782)
Myristica philippinensis Gand. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 225 (1919)
PUBLICATIONS
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (eds.) (2002). Flora of Thailand 7(4): 655-920. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 7: 1-499. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (2000). Flora Malesiana 14: 1-634. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
VERNACULAR NAME
English: Nutmeg, Pala, Nutmeg tree
Halmahera: Gosora
Indonesian: Pala, Phala
Makassar: Palangana
Nias: Falo
Nusa Laut: Palalao
Timor: Palo
Tindore: Masiho
Aryo Bandoro
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