Sirih gajah or pariparoba (Piper umbellatum) is a species of plant in the Piperaceae, shrub or small tree, erect stem, segmented as leaf marks, zigzag, linear wrinkled bark, green and white spots.
P. umbellatum has leaves that are arranged radially. The stalk is long, the base encircles the stem and the tip ends at the leaf veins, cylindrical in shape, the lines are tangled and run linearly tangled and green.
Upper surface is dark green, lower surface is grayish, circular to oval in shape, deeper at base, short sharp tip to rounded, 5-15 cm wide, 5-20 cm long, radial veins and flat margins. Petiole 6.5-30 cm
Flowers small, bisexual, bracts triangular to round and stiff. Inflorescence spikes, whitish gray or greenish or cream to yellow, 2-8 flowers arranged in a false umbel, glabrous and 2 stamens. Silky haired flower stalks. Flowers appear in the leaf axils and are coral.
The fruit has 3 angles, fleshy, brown and seeds. Seeds are round, endosperm is small and perisperm is numerous.
This plant contains essential oils (β-pinene, α-pinene, (E)-nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, linalool, γ-bisabolene, limonene, thymol, safrole, germacrene-D, β-cadinene, δ-cadinene, bicyclogermacrene), 4-nerolidylcatechol, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and alkaloids.
Plants have activities as an emollient, vulnerary, antiseptic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, diuretic and antioxidant.
Often used to treat swelling, boils, burns, eardrops, jaundice, malaria, kidney problems, syphilis, gonorrhea, leucorrhoea, inflamed tumors, dyspepsia, constipation and colic, migraines and other forms of headaches, reduces fever in children -children, treat severe colic, rheumatism, hypertension, toothache, treat tapeworm disease, relieve edema and complaints of the uterus, cough, anemia, skin cancer, laxative for pregnant women, inhibits the toxic effects of venomous snakes.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper L. in Sp. Pl.: 28 (1753)
Species: Piper umbellatum L. in Sp. Pl.: 30 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Heckeria umbellata (L.) Kunth in Linnaea 13: 569 (1840)
Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf. ex Ramamoorthy in C.J.Saldanha & D.H.Nicolson, Fl. Hassan Distr.: 52 (1976)
Peperidia umbellata (L.) Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 455 (1833)
Peperomia umbellata (L.) Kunth in Syn. Pl. Aequin. 1: 124 (1822)
Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. in Comm. Phytogr.: 36 (1840)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Heckeria sidifolia var. subglabrata Kunth in Linnaea 13: 570 (1840)
Heckeria sidifolia (Link & Otto) Kunth in Linnaea 13: 569 (1840)
Heckeria subpeltata (Willd.) Kunth in Linnaea 13: 571 (1840)
Peperidia afzeliana Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 456 (1833)
Peperidia sidifolia (Link & Otto) Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 455 (1833)
Peperidia subpeltata (Willd.) Kostel. in Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 456 (1833)
Peperomia grandifolia A.Dietr. in Sp. Pl., ed. 6. 1: 166 (1831)
Peperomia reniformis (Poir.) A.Dietr. in Sp. Pl., ed. 6. 1: 162 (1831)
Peperomia sidifolia (Link & Otto) A.Dietr. in Sp. Pl., ed. 6. 1: 141 (1831)
Peperomia subpeltata (Willd.) A.Dietr. in Sp. Pl., ed. 6. 1: 144 (1831)
Piper afzelianum Schult. in Mant. 1: 235 (1822)
Piper cuernavacanum C.DC. in Linnaea 37: 363 (1872)
Piper dombeyanum C.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 332 (1869)
Piper grandifolium Afzel. in Rem. Guin.: 39 (1815)
Piper latifolium Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1: 81 (1791), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Piper reniforme Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 5: 465 (1804)
Piper sidifolium Link & Otto in Icon. Pl. Select.: 15 (1820)
Piper subpeltatum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 1: 166 (1797)
Piper subpeltatum var. parvifolium C.DC. in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 2, 1(2): 54 (1900)
Piper subpeltatum var. sidifolium (Link & Otto) C.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 334 (1869)
Piper umbellatum var. geminatum C.DC. in Candollea 1: 170 (1923)
Piper umbellatum var. glabrum C.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 333 (1869)
Piper umbellatum var. majus C.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 333 (1869)
Piper umbellatum var. subpeltatum (Willd.) C.DC. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11-12: 57 (1908)
Piper umbellatum var. tomentellum C.DC. in Candollea 1: 170 (1923)
Piper umbellatum var. vestitum C.DC. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 311 (1914)
Pothomorphe allenii Trel. in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27: 306 (1940)
Pothomorphe dombeyana Miq. in Syst. Piperac.: 211 (1843)
Pothomorphe sidifolia (Link & Otto) Miq. in Comm. Phytogr.: 36 (1840)
Pothomorphe subpeltata (Willd.) Miq. in Comm. Phytogr.: 37 (1840)
Pothomorphe umbellata var. cuernavacana (C.DC.) Trel. & Yunck. in Piperac. N. South Amer.: 441 (1950)
Pothomorphe umbellata f. glabra (C.DC.) Steyerm. in Fl. Venezuela 2(2): 604 (1984), without basionym ref.
Pothomorphe umbellata var. glabra (C.DC.) Trel. & Yunck. in Piperac. N. South Amer.: 440 (1950)
Pothomorphe umbellata var. glabrior Miq. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 4(1): 26 (1852)
Pothomorphe umbellata var. vestita (C.DC.) Yunck. in Lilloa 27: 166 (1955)
PUBLICATIONS
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VERNACULAR NAME
Bengali: হাতির পান Hātira pāna
Burmese: ဆင်ကွမ်း
English: Pariparoba, Cow-foot leaf
Filipino: Kubamba
Hindi: अट्टानारी Attanari
Indonesia: Sirih gajah, Pariparoba
Japanese: アオイゴショウ
Java: Pari paroba, Paritombo, Tombo
Kannada: Bhaaripatra Menasu
Khmer: ម្អមដំរី
Lao: ໝາກເຂືອຊ້າງ
Madura: Sak-masakan
Malayalam: Attanaari, Panniperuvalm, Peechampan
Malaysia: Lemba
Maluku: Lomba
Marathi: Ghosapimpali
Nepali: हात्तीको सुपारी Hāttīkō supārī
Sinhala: අලි බුලත් Ali bulat
Sunda: Paparoba
Tamil: பெரிய இலை மிலாகு Periya Ilai Milaku
Thai: หมากช้าง - พลั่วทีนชาง
Vietnam: Lá trầu voi, Lân hoa
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