Kremah or sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis) is a species of plant in the Amaranthaceae, shrub, multi-stemmed, up to 100 cm high. Kremah can also grow upright or climb or float and the roots are white-brown.
A. sessilis has stems up to 30 cm long, cylindrical, massive, segmented, green-yellow in color and twin-branched. Compound leaves, opposite each other, pointed tip and base, dark green, 1-15 cm long and up to 5 cm wide. The leaf veins are pinnate.
.jpg "Dlium Sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis)")
Compound flowers, small, grain-shaped, growing in the axils of the leaves at the ends of the stems, cylindrical stalks, white or purplish. The fruit is round and black in color.
Kremah is often eaten as a complement to ulam, pecel, urap dishes and eaten raw after being flushed with hot water.
TAXON :
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Subfamily: Gomphrenoideae
Genus: Alternanthera Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 28 (1775)
Species: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. in Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 77 (1813)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS :
Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Besser in Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec: 12 (1810)
Allaganthera forskaolii Mart. in Pl. Hort. Erlang.: 69 (1814), nom. illeg. superfl.
Gomphrena sessilis L. in Sp. Pl.: 225 (1753)
Illecebrum sessile (L.) L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 300 (1762)
Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf. in Tabl. École Bot.: 44 (1804)
Paronychia tetragona Moench in Methodus: 315 (1794), nom. illeg. superfl.
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS :
Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1825: 428 (1826)
Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. in Encycl. 1: 547 (1785), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Achyranthes repens Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 309 (1817), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Achyranthes triandra Roxb. in Hort. Bengal.: 19 (1814)
Achyranthes villosa Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 189 (1837)
Alternanthera achyranth Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: CIX, 28 (1775)
Alternanthera achyranthoides Hiern in Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 896 (1900)
Alternanthera denticulata var. bifaria Hassk. in Flora 25(2, Beibl. 1): 20 (1842)
Alternanthera denticulata var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 356 (1849)
Alternanthera dubia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Alternanthera ficoides P.Beauv. in Fl. Oware 2: 66 (1818)
Alternanthera ficoides var. minor P.Beauv. in Fl. Oware 2: 66 (1818)
Alternanthera ficoides var. versicolor Lem. in Ill. Hort. 12: t. 444 (1865)
Alternanthera glabra Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849)
Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet in Hort. Suburb. Lond.: 48 (1818)
Alternanthera prostrata D.Don in Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 76 (1825)
Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel. in Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis].: 106 (1791)
Alternanthera sessilis var. angustifolia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis f. lanceolata Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis f. lanceolata Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis var. neglecta Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. parviflora Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis f. spathulifolia Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. stauntonii Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis var. tenuissima (Suess.) Backer in Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 4: 93 (1949)
Alternanthera sibirica (Vent. ex Schult.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 65 (1840)
Alternanthera sissoo Velde in Atoll Res. Bull. 503: 61 (2003), not validly publ.
Alternanthera tenella Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 186 (1849), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Alternanthera tenuissima Suess. in Bot. Arch. 39: 382 (1939)
Alternanthera triandra Lam. in Encycl. 1: 95 (1783), nom. illeg. superfl.
Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart. in Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. Bras. 2: 51 (1826)
Gomphrena brasiliensis Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849), pro syn.
Gomphrena polygonoides L. in Sp. Pl.: 225 (1753), nom. utique rej.
Steiremis sessilifolia Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 41 (1837)
Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 363 (1849)
Telanthera polygonoides var. compacta Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849)
Telanthera polygonoides var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849)
Illecebrum denticulatum Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 820 (1824)
Illecebrum glabrum Spreng. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849), not validly publ.
Illecebrum indicum Houtt. in Nat. Hist. 2(7): 713 (1777)
Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 300 (1762)
Illecebrum sessile Pall. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 360 (1849)
Illecebrum sibiricum Vent. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 516 (1819)
Illecebrum triandrum Llanos in Fragm. Fl. Philipp.: 61 (1851)
Illecebrum triandrum Buch.-Ham. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 360 (1849)
Paronychia dubia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849)
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VERNACULAR NAME :
Kremah
Sessile Joyweed
Ahom: মাটিকাদুৰি Matikaduri
Assamese: নেওঠনীয়া শাক Neuthoniya shak, মাটিকাদুৰি Matikaduri
Batak: Omak
Bengali: গোলসাঁচি Golsanchi, মাটি কন্দুরি Mati kanduri, সাঁচিশাক Sanchishak
Bodo: दावस्रि आथिं Daosri athing, Ha galdab
Filipino: Bunga-bunga, Bilanamanut, Gogoat
Garhwali: घंडुग्ली Ghandugli
Gujarati: જલજાંબવો Jalaambavo, પાણીની ભાજી Paanini bhaji
Haryanvi: कांटे वाली सांठी Kante Wali Santhi
Hindi: गरूण्डी Garundi, गूधड़ीसाग Gudrisag, गुड़रू Gurroo, लोहमारक Loh-marak, सरन्ती साग Saranti saag
Java: Bayem kremah, Kremek, Kremo, Matean, Keremi
Kachchhi: જર ભાજી Jar Bhaji, જર ભંગરો Jar Bhangaro
Kannada: ಹೊನಗೊನೆ Honagone, Ongonne soppu, Hon-gonne soppu
Karbi: উটোকৰেং Utokreng
Khmer: ឆេង បាងគុង Chëng bângkong
Konkani: कोयपा Koypa
Lampung: Juruk demah
Lao: ໄຄສ໌ ເພດ Khaix ped
Malayalam: കൊഴുപ്പ Kozhuppa, പൊന്നാങ്കണ്ണി Ponnaankanni, Kozhuppacheera, Meenamgani, Ponamgani, Ponnamkannikkeera
Malaysia: Keremak, Pudoh, Kermak bukit
Manipuri: ꯐꯛꯆꯦꯠ Phakchet
Marathi: बेचकुसळ Bechkusal, कांचरी Kanchari
Melayu: Daun keremak, Daun rusa, Sayor udang
Mizo: Ngha-te-ril
Mundari: Yundru ara
Nepali: आँख्ले झार Aankhe jhaar, भाले भृंगराज Bhaale bhringaraaj, भिरिंगी झार Bhiringi jhaar, बिसाउने झार Bisaaune jhaar, दुबे झार Dube jhaar, जिब्रे पाते Jibre Paate, सरौंची Saraunchi
Nyishi: Oing
Odia: ଲୋହ ମାରକ Loha maraka, ମଦରଙ୍ଗା Madaranga, ସିତ ବାର Sita bara, ଶିତସାର Shita sara, ଶିତ ଶାକ Shita shaka
Oria: Kolamsago
Pahari: भांगरु Bhangru
Rajasthani: भाजी Bhaji
Sanskrit: लोहमारक Lohamaraka, लोणिका Lonika, मत्स्याक्षी Matsyakshi, मीनाक्षी Minakshi, पत्त्रक Pattraka, पत्तूर Pattura, शालाञ्जि Shalanji, सितसारक Sitasaraka
Santali: ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱩᱰᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ Garundi arak
Sunda: Tolot soyah, Tolod, Jatinangor
Tamil: பொன்னாங்கண்ணி Ponnankanni, உடுகாட்டி Utu-katti, Ponnaankannikeerai
Tangkhul: Phakchek
Telugu: మదనగంటి Madanaganti, పొన్నగంటికూర Ponna-gantikura, Ponnaganti kura
Thai: พักเปท ขาโอ Phakpet khaao, พักเพชรไทย Phakpet thai
Tibetan: Tsha la pi pa la
Tulu: ಪೊನ್ನಾಂಕಣ್ಣಿ Ponnaamkanni, ವಣಂಙನ Vanannana
A. sessilis has stems up to 30 cm long, cylindrical, massive, segmented, green-yellow in color and twin-branched. Compound leaves, opposite each other, pointed tip and base, dark green, 1-15 cm long and up to 5 cm wide. The leaf veins are pinnate.
.jpg "Dlium Sessile joyweed (Alternanthera sessilis)")
Compound flowers, small, grain-shaped, growing in the axils of the leaves at the ends of the stems, cylindrical stalks, white or purplish. The fruit is round and black in color.
Kremah is often eaten as a complement to ulam, pecel, urap dishes and eaten raw after being flushed with hot water.
TAXON :
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Subfamily: Gomphrenoideae
Genus: Alternanthera Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 28 (1775)
Species: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. in Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp.: 77 (1813)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS :
Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Besser in Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec: 12 (1810)
Allaganthera forskaolii Mart. in Pl. Hort. Erlang.: 69 (1814), nom. illeg. superfl.
Gomphrena sessilis L. in Sp. Pl.: 225 (1753)
Illecebrum sessile (L.) L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 300 (1762)
Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf. in Tabl. École Bot.: 44 (1804)
Paronychia tetragona Moench in Methodus: 315 (1794), nom. illeg. superfl.
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS :
Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1825: 428 (1826)
Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. in Encycl. 1: 547 (1785), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Achyranthes repens Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1: 309 (1817), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Achyranthes triandra Roxb. in Hort. Bengal.: 19 (1814)
Achyranthes villosa Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 189 (1837)
Alternanthera achyranth Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: CIX, 28 (1775)
Alternanthera achyranthoides Hiern in Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 896 (1900)
Alternanthera denticulata var. bifaria Hassk. in Flora 25(2, Beibl. 1): 20 (1842)
Alternanthera denticulata var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 356 (1849)
Alternanthera dubia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Alternanthera ficoides P.Beauv. in Fl. Oware 2: 66 (1818)
Alternanthera ficoides var. minor P.Beauv. in Fl. Oware 2: 66 (1818)
Alternanthera ficoides var. versicolor Lem. in Ill. Hort. 12: t. 444 (1865)
Alternanthera glabra Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849)
Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet in Hort. Suburb. Lond.: 48 (1818)
Alternanthera prostrata D.Don in Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 76 (1825)
Alternanthera repens J.F.Gmel. in Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis].: 106 (1791)
Alternanthera sessilis var. angustifolia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis f. lanceolata Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis f. lanceolata Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis var. neglecta Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. parviflora Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis f. spathulifolia Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 540 (1891)
Alternanthera sessilis var. stauntonii Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 357 (1849)
Alternanthera sessilis var. tenuissima (Suess.) Backer in Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 4: 93 (1949)
Alternanthera sibirica (Vent. ex Schult.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 65 (1840)
Alternanthera sissoo Velde in Atoll Res. Bull. 503: 61 (2003), not validly publ.
Alternanthera tenella Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 186 (1849), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Alternanthera tenuissima Suess. in Bot. Arch. 39: 382 (1939)
Alternanthera triandra Lam. in Encycl. 1: 95 (1783), nom. illeg. superfl.
Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart. in Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. Bras. 2: 51 (1826)
Gomphrena brasiliensis Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849), pro syn.
Gomphrena polygonoides L. in Sp. Pl.: 225 (1753), nom. utique rej.
Steiremis sessilifolia Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 41 (1837)
Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 363 (1849)
Telanthera polygonoides var. compacta Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849)
Telanthera polygonoides var. major Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 364 (1849)
Illecebrum denticulatum Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 820 (1824)
Illecebrum glabrum Spreng. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849), not validly publ.
Illecebrum indicum Houtt. in Nat. Hist. 2(7): 713 (1777)
Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 300 (1762)
Illecebrum sessile Pall. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 360 (1849)
Illecebrum sibiricum Vent. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 5: 516 (1819)
Illecebrum triandrum Llanos in Fragm. Fl. Philipp.: 61 (1851)
Illecebrum triandrum Buch.-Ham. ex Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 360 (1849)
Paronychia dubia Moq. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 361 (1849)
PUBLICATIONS :
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
Bayón, N.D., Giuliano, D.A. & Bahima, J.V. (2022). Revisión taxonómica de las especies de Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae) del cono sur (Argentina, sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y uruguay) y Bolivia. Annals from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 160-249. MBG press.
Berhaut, J. (1971). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 1: 1-626. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1994). Flore des Mascareignes 136-148: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
Boulos, L. (1999). Flora of Egypt 1: 1-419. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTROM, Bangui.
Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau). Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Correa A., Mireya D. Galdames, Carmen Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. S. de Stapf (2004). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panamá: 1-599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Dar, G.H. & Govaerts, R.H.A. (2025). Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Sind Valley 2: 607-1262. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Dassanayake (ed.) (1980). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 1: 1-508. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Demissew, S. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(1): 1-532. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 4: 1-559. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Florence, J. (2004). Flore de la Polynésie Française 2: 1-503. IRD editions, Paris.
Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmandson, J.R. (eds.) (2016). Flora of Iraq 5(1): 1-284. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1984). Flora of Bhutan 1(2): 189-462. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 2: 865-1712. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
Kumar, S. (2012). Herbaceous flora of Jaunsar-Bawar (Uttarkhand), India: enumerations. Phytotaxonomy 12: 33-56.
Launert, E. (ed.) (1988). Flora Zambesiaca 9(1): 1-179. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Lebrun, J.-P., Audru, J., Gaston, A. & Mosnier, M. (1972). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Tchad Méridional: 1-289. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
Lebrun, J.P., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
Maliya, S.D. & Datt, B. (2010). A contribution to the flora of Katarniyaghat wildlife sanctuary, Baharaich district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34: 42-68.
Meena, S.L. (2012). A checklist of the vascular plants of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India. Nelumbo 54: 39-91.
Miller, A.G. & Cope, T.A. (1996). Flora of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra 1: 1-586. Edinburgh university press.
Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1970-1995). Flora of West Pakistan 1-131.
Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Orchard, A.E. (ed.) (1994). Oceanic Islands 1. Flora of Australia 49: 1-681. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.
Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Prakash, L. & Balasubramanian, P. (2018). Invasive alien flora of Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in Southern Eastern Ghats, India. Indian Forester 144: 857-862.
Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 3: 1-331. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Ramos Senna, L., Giulietti, A.M. & Rapini, A. (2010). Flora da Bahia: Amaranthaceae - Amaranthoideae e Gomphrenoideae. Sitientibus Sérrie Ciências Biológicas 10: 3-73.
Sarmah, K.K. & Borthakur, S.K. (2009). A checklist of angiospermic plants of Manas national park in Assam, India. Pleione 3: 190-200.
Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.
Singh, M. & Ali, S.J. (2008). A study on aquatic Angiosperms of district Mau (East U.P.). Journal of East African Natural History 32: 877-890.
Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru. Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1-223.
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Velayos, M., Barberá, P., Cabezas, F.J., de la Estrella, M., Fero, M. & Aedo, C. (2014). Checklist of the vascular plants of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea). Phytotaxa 171: 1-78.
Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Woodroffe, C.D. (1985). Vegetation and flora of Nui Atoll, Tuvalu. Atoll Research Bulletin 283: 1-18.
VERNACULAR NAME :
Kremah
Sessile Joyweed
Ahom: মাটিকাদুৰি Matikaduri
Assamese: নেওঠনীয়া শাক Neuthoniya shak, মাটিকাদুৰি Matikaduri
Batak: Omak
Bengali: গোলসাঁচি Golsanchi, মাটি কন্দুরি Mati kanduri, সাঁচিশাক Sanchishak
Bodo: दावस्रि आथिं Daosri athing, Ha galdab
Filipino: Bunga-bunga, Bilanamanut, Gogoat
Garhwali: घंडुग्ली Ghandugli
Gujarati: જલજાંબવો Jalaambavo, પાણીની ભાજી Paanini bhaji
Haryanvi: कांटे वाली सांठी Kante Wali Santhi
Hindi: गरूण्डी Garundi, गूधड़ीसाग Gudrisag, गुड़रू Gurroo, लोहमारक Loh-marak, सरन्ती साग Saranti saag
Java: Bayem kremah, Kremek, Kremo, Matean, Keremi
Kachchhi: જર ભાજી Jar Bhaji, જર ભંગરો Jar Bhangaro
Kannada: ಹೊನಗೊನೆ Honagone, Ongonne soppu, Hon-gonne soppu
Karbi: উটোকৰেং Utokreng
Khmer: ឆេង បាងគុង Chëng bângkong
Konkani: कोयपा Koypa
Lampung: Juruk demah
Lao: ໄຄສ໌ ເພດ Khaix ped
Malayalam: കൊഴുപ്പ Kozhuppa, പൊന്നാങ്കണ്ണി Ponnaankanni, Kozhuppacheera, Meenamgani, Ponamgani, Ponnamkannikkeera
Malaysia: Keremak, Pudoh, Kermak bukit
Manipuri: ꯐꯛꯆꯦꯠ Phakchet
Marathi: बेचकुसळ Bechkusal, कांचरी Kanchari
Melayu: Daun keremak, Daun rusa, Sayor udang
Mizo: Ngha-te-ril
Mundari: Yundru ara
Nepali: आँख्ले झार Aankhe jhaar, भाले भृंगराज Bhaale bhringaraaj, भिरिंगी झार Bhiringi jhaar, बिसाउने झार Bisaaune jhaar, दुबे झार Dube jhaar, जिब्रे पाते Jibre Paate, सरौंची Saraunchi
Nyishi: Oing
Odia: ଲୋହ ମାରକ Loha maraka, ମଦରଙ୍ଗା Madaranga, ସିତ ବାର Sita bara, ଶିତସାର Shita sara, ଶିତ ଶାକ Shita shaka
Oria: Kolamsago
Pahari: भांगरु Bhangru
Rajasthani: भाजी Bhaji
Sanskrit: लोहमारक Lohamaraka, लोणिका Lonika, मत्स्याक्षी Matsyakshi, मीनाक्षी Minakshi, पत्त्रक Pattraka, पत्तूर Pattura, शालाञ्जि Shalanji, सितसारक Sitasaraka
Santali: ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱩᱰᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ Garundi arak
Sunda: Tolot soyah, Tolod, Jatinangor
Tamil: பொன்னாங்கண்ணி Ponnankanni, உடுகாட்டி Utu-katti, Ponnaankannikeerai
Tangkhul: Phakchek
Telugu: మదనగంటి Madanaganti, పొన్నగంటికూర Ponna-gantikura, Ponnaganti kura
Thai: พักเปท ขาโอ Phakpet khaao, พักเพชรไทย Phakpet thai
Tibetan: Tsha la pi pa la
Tulu: ಪೊನ್ನಾಂಕಣ್ಣಿ Ponnaamkanni, ವಣಂಙನ Vanannana