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Holly mangrove (Acanthus ilicifolius)

Dlium Holly mangrove (Acanthus ilicifolius)

Holly mangrove (Acanthus ilicifolius) is a species of plant in the Acanthaceae, shrub, up to 2 meters high, taproot and yellowish white in color, cylindrical stem and not woody, slightly limp, smooth surface, brownish in color, strong and sharp spines on each leaf stalk.

A. ilicifolius has leaves with short stalks, sitting opposite and crossed, dark green in color, elongated in shape with a pointed tip and a large toothed margin with a pointed tip. Compound inflorescences in panicles 6-30 cm long. White, blue and brown crown. The fruit is ovate and 3 cm long. Kidney shaped seeds.



This species grows on beaches, river banks and muddy places with brackish water. Tolerant of flooding and high salt levels in soil with a pH of 6.8-7.2.

This plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, lignans, phenols, β-sitosterol, benzoxazinoid glucosides, arabinose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose and terpenoids. Used to treat acute and chronic hepatitis, enlarged liver and spleen, tuberculosis, skin diseases, mumps, shortness of breath, worms, gastric pain, colic, liver cancer, boils and ulcers.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Subfamily: Acanthoideae
Tribe: Acantheae
Subtribe: Acanthinae
Genus: Acanthus L. in Sp. Pl.: 639 (1753)
Species: Acanthus ilicifolius L. in Sp. Pl.: 639 (1753)
Variety: Acanthus ilicifolius var. ilicifolius, Acanthus ilicifolius var. integrifolius T.Anderson ex C.B.Clarke

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Acanthus ilicifolius var. typica Domin in Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 603 (1929)
Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) J.St.-Hil. in Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 237 (1805)

PUBLICATIONS

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

GBIF ( 2021-continuously updated). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.

Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.

Heine, H. (1976). Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances 7: 1-212. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.

Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 3: 1-1248. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.

Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1-884. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

VERNACULAR NAME

Austria: Stechpalmenblättriger Akanthus
Bali: Bakau maduri
Bengali: পবিত্র ম্যানগ্রোভ - হরগোজা - কটকি - নীলা তেনারকান্ত Pabitra myānagrōbha, Hargoza, Kataki, Nila tenrakanta
Burmese: ဟောလီ မန်ထရိုဂျင်
Chinese (simplified): 老鼠簕
Chinese (traditional): 老鼠簕
Dutch: Hulstbladige acanthus
English: Holly mangrove, Holly-leaved acanthus, Sea holly, Spiny Bears Breech, Bear's-breech
Filipino: Daguari, Diluariu, Kasumba
Finnish: Mangroveakantti
German: Stechpalmenblättriger Akanthus
Guangdong: 老鼠簕
Gujarati: Hargoja, Kantaliyo, Marandi
Hindi: पवित्र मैंग्रोव - हरकाटा - हरगोज़ा Pavitr maingrov, Harkata, Hargoza
Hong Kong: 老鼠簕
Indonesian: Jeruju, Daruju
Japanese: ムラサキミズヒイラギ
Java: Daruju, Jaruju
Kannada: Hole chulli, Holesulli, Mulluchulli, Harikusha, Kaandla chulli
Khmer: ព្រៃកោងកាងហូលី
Konkani: Maramdo
Lao: ປ່າດົງດິບສັກສິດ
Macao: 老鼠簕
Maharashtra: मारांडी
Malayalam: Chullikkantal, Payingngaachchulli, Mendli, Moranna, Muthalamookku, Paingachulli, Payinachhulli
Malaysia: Jeruju, jeruju puteh
Marathi: Nivagur, Vagati
Melayu: Jaruju
Minang: Bakau baduri
Odia: Hakucha kanta, Harda katha, Hardakanchi
Palauan: Kollil
PNG: Kikia
Russian: Акант падуболистный
Sanskrit: Harikusa
Sinhala: ශුද්ධ කඩොලාන śuddha kaḍolāna
Sunda: Bakau cucuk
Taiwan: 老鼠簕
Tamil: புனித சதுப்புநிலம் - தில்லை - சக்கரமுல்லி - சுல்லி - அர்ரு-முள்ளி - கழுதை-முள்ளி - கோலி-முள்ளி - உப்பு-க்-கரி-நீர்-முள்ளி Puṉita catuppunilam, Thillai, Chakkaramulli, Chulli, Arru-mulli, Kalutai-mulli, Koli-mulli, Uppu-k-kari-nir-mulli
Telugu: Alisi, Alchi, Etichilla, Alasyakampa, Thude chulli
Thai: ฮอลลี่ แมงโกรฟ - Kaem mo, Cha kreng, Ngueak plaamo namngoen
Tulu: Tudechulli
Urdu: ہرکاٹا - ہولی مینگرو
Vietnam: Rừng ngập mặn linh thiêng

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