Ricinus (Ricinus communis)

Ricinus or castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae, a shrub or small tree, up to 12 meters high, varying greatly in growth and appearance with various cultivars for leaf color, flower and oil production.

R. communis has alternate sitting, glossy, palmate leaves with 5-12 lobes and coarsely toothed segments, 56 cm wide, cylindrical patiole 35 cm long. The leaves have a dark reddish purple or bronze color when young, gradually turning dark green, sometimes with a reddish tinge.



Flowers have no petals, male and female grow on the same plant in terminal compound flowers and are green or reddish in color. The male flowers are yellowish green and the stamens are cream colored, the female flowers are at the tip of a spike, inside an immature spiny capsule and the stigma is red.

The fruit is a spiny capsule, up to 3 cm long, greenish to reddish purple in color. Large, oval, shiny, nut-like seeds, very poisonous with brownish spots.

This species grows well in light soil such as sandy loam, contains organic matter, good drainage and aeration, pH 5-6.5, elevation 0-2500 meters, temperature 18-30C, rainfall 300-1200 mm/year and is tolerant of dry.

Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound have been found in the aerial parts of Ricinus. Compounds named (3E,7Z,11E)-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one, 6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide, 15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2R,4aR,8aR)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2- (4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from the methanol extracts of Ricinus communis by chromatographic methods. Partitioned h-hexane fraction of Ricinus root methanol extract results in enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone).

Almost all parts of the plant are used as medicine. The leaves are used to treat scabs, eczema, itching, coughing and hernias. Root for rheumatic joints, tetanus, epilepsy, bronchitis in children, wounds, glandular tuberculosis and schizophrenia. Seeds to reduce difficulty defecating, cervical and skin cancer, visceroptosis, gastroptosis, difficulty giving birth and retained placenta, facial muscle paralysis, glandular tuberculosis, boils, sores, scabies, fungal infections and swelling.

Seeds are a source of castor oil and contain ricin, a deadly poison. Jatropha tree is the only plant whose seeds are rich in hydroxy fatty acids (ricinoleic acid). The presence of these fatty acids makes the oil viscosity stable at high temperatures and is used as a lubricant mixture.

Oil is used in the cosmetic processing industry, pharmaceuticals, paint factories, plywood industry, textiles, aircraft lubricants and explosives. Oil is also used as an ingredient to produce synthetic soap, nylon, ink, varnish and paint.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Acalyphoideae
Tribe: Ricineae
Genus: Ricinus L. in Sp. Pl.: 1007 (1753)
Species: Ricinus communis L. in Sp. Pl.: 1007 (1753)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Ricinus communis var. genuinus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. typicus Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 292 (1901)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cataputia major Ludw. in Ectypa Veg.: t. 7 (1760)
Cataputia minor Ludw. in Defin. Gen. Pl., ed. 3.: 81 (1760)
Croton spinosus L. in Sp. Pl.: 1005 (1753)
Ricinus africanus Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 5 (1768)
Ricinus angulatus Thunb. in Ricin.: 6 (1815)
Ricinus armatus Andrews in Bot. Repos. 6: t. 430 (1805)
Ricinus atropurpureus Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919)
Ricinus badius Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Exot. 2: 21 (1829)
Ricinus borboniensis Pax & K.Hoffm. (1919)
Ricinus cambodgensis Benary in Gartenflora 36: 102 (1887)
Ricinus communis var. aegyptiaceus (Popova) Moshkin in Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 40 (1980)
Ricinus communis subsp. africanus (Mill.) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 647 (1881)
Ricinus communis var. africanus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. almeidae T.Carvalho in Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 58 (1956)
Ricinus communis var. amblyocalyx Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. americanus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. americanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. americanus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. argentatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. argyratus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. armatus (Andrews) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus communis f. atratus T.Carvalho in Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(2): 32 (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atrobrunneatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atrofulvatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atrofuscatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atrophoeniceus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atropunicatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. atropurpureatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. avellanatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. badius (Rchb.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. bailundensis J.M.Coult. in Bull. Soc. Portug. Sci. Nat. 1918: 82 (1918)
Ricinus communis var. benguelensis Müll.Arg. in J. Bot. 1: 337 (1864)
Ricinus communis subvar. blumeanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. blumeanus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. borboniensis André in Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 206 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. brasiliensis Müll.Arg. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 11(2): 421 (1874)
Ricinus communis var. brevinodis Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis var. caesius Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941)
Ricinus communis f. canatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. canescens T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. carneatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. cervatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. cinerascens T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. cinereatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. denudatus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. epiglaucus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. epruinosus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. erythrocladus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. erythrocladus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. exiguus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. fulvatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. fumatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. fuscatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. giganteus André (1866)
Ricinus communis f. gilvus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subvar. glauceus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. glaucus Popova & Moshkin in Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 37 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. glaucus (Hoffmanns.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. gracilis Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. gracilis (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. griseofolius Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis subvar. griseus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. guttatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. incarnatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. indehiscens Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis subsp. indicus Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. inermis (Mill.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. inermis (Mill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. (1919)
Ricinus communis f. intermedius Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. japonicus Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis var. krappa Steud. (1841)
Ricinus communis f. laevis (DC.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. leucocarpus (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. lividus (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. macrocarpus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subvar. macrophyllus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. maculatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subsp. manshuricus V.Bork. in Descr. Var. Azcherkraya: 106 (1936)
Ricinus communis f. marmoreatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. megalospermus (Delile) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. mexicanus (Popova) Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis subsp. mexicanus Popova in Bukasov S.M. Vozdelyv. Rast. Meksiki: 409 (1931)
Ricinus communis var. microcarpus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. microspermus Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis var. minor (Mill.) Steud. (1841)
Ricinus communis f. murinatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. nanus Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. nigellus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. nigrescens T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. niveatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. oblongus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. obscurus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. oligacanthus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. ostrinatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. pardalinus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subsp. persicus Popova in Kleshchevina izd. VIR: 27 (1930)
Ricinus communis proles persicus Popova (1941)
Ricinus communis f. picturatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. plumbeatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. pruinosus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. pruinosus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. pullatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. punctatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. punctulatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. punicans T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. purpurascens (Bertol.) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XI: 122 (1919)
Ricinus communis var. purpurascens (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. purpurascens (Bertol.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. radiatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. reichenbachianus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. rheedianus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. roseus Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis subvar. roseus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. rubescens Herder in Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1868: 91 (1869)
Ricinus communis subsp. ruderalis Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. rufescens T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. rugosus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. russatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. rutilans Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. rutilans (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subsp. sanguineus Popova (1930)
Ricinus communis var. sanguineus Baill. in Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 342 (1861)
Ricinus communis subsp. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Nyman (1881)
Ricinus communis f. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. scriptus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Hiltebr. in Mirov. Rast. Res.: 63 (1935)
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. sordidus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. speciosus (Burm.f.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. spontaneus Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. stigmosus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. striatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis var. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. subrotundus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subvar. subviridus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. subviridus Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. sulcatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. tigrinus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. umbrinus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. undulatus (Besser) Steud. (1841)
Ricinus communis var. vasconcellosii T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. venosus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. vinatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. violaceocaulis Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis subvar. violaceus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subvar. violeus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis var. virens Popova (1941)
Ricinus communis var. viridis Popova & Moshkin (1980)
Ricinus communis f. viridis (Willd.) Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis subvar. viridus (Willd.) T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis subsp. zanzibarinus Popova (1930)
Ricinus communis f. zebrinus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus communis f. zollingeri Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus communis f. zonatus T.Carvalho (1956)
Ricinus compactus Huber in Cat. Print. 1865: 8 (1865)
Ricinus digitatus Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 26 (1790)
Ricinus europaeus T.Nees in Gen. Fl. Germ.: 38 (1833)
Ricinus gibsonii H.J.Veitch in Gard. Chron., n.s., 2: 610 (1874)
Ricinus giganteus Pax & K.Hoffm. (1919)
Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. in Verz. Pfl. Nachtr. 2: 199 (1826)
Ricinus hybridus Besser in Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec, Suppl. 2: 13 (1814)
Ricinus inermis Mill. (1768)
Ricinus japonicus Thunb. (1815)
Ricinus krappa Steud. (1841)
Ricinus laevis DC. in Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 1: 31 (1823)
Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. in Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824)
Ricinus lividus Jacq. in Misc. Austriac. 2: 360 (1781)
Ricinus macrocarpus Popova (1941)
Ricinus macrocarpus proles indicus Popova (1941)
Ricinus macrocarpus proles japonicus Popova (1941)
Ricinus macrocarpus var. nudus Popova (1941)
Ricinus macrocarpus proles sanguineus Popova (1941)
Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. (1824)
Ricinus medicus Forssk. in Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 164 (1775)
Ricinus medius J.F.Gmel. in Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis].: 1615 (1792)
Ricinus megalosperma Delile in F.Cailliaud, Voy. Méroé 4: 89 (1827)
Ricinus messeniacus Heldr. in Exsicc. (Herb. Graec. Norm.) 15: n.° 1480 (1899)
Ricinus metallicus Pax & K.Hoffm. (1919)
Ricinus microcarpus Popova (1941)
Ricinus microcarpus proles aegypticus Popova (1941)
Ricinus microcarpus var. atrovirens Popova (1941)
Ricinus microcarpus proles indostanicus Popova (1941)
Ricinus microcarpus var. spontaneus Popova (1941)
Ricinus minor Mill. (1768)
Ricinus nanus Balb. in Cat. Stirp. (1813): 65 (1813)
Ricinus obermannii Groenland in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 7: 601 (1858)
Ricinus peltatus Noronha (1790)
Ricinus perennis Steud. (1841)
Ricinus persicus Popova in Trudy Byuro Evgen. 16: 229 (1926)
Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. in Misc. Bot. 9: 4 (1851)
Ricinus ruber Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 390 (1859)
Ricinus rugosus Mill. (1768)
Ricinus rutilans Müll.Arg. (1866)
Ricinus sanguineus Groenland (1858)
Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris in Stirp. Sard. Elench. 1: 41 (1827)
Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 207 (1768)
Ricinus spectabilis Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 623 (1826)
Ricinus tunisensis Desf. in Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 340 (1829)
Ricinus undulatus Besser (1811)
Ricinus urens Mill. (1768)
Ricinus viridis Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 564 (1805)
Ricinus vulgaris Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd.: 66 (1764)
Ricinus vulgaris Mill. (1768)
Ricinus zanzibarensis Anon. in Ill. Hort. 41: 99 (1894)
Ricinus zanzibarinus Popova (1941)

PUBLICATIONS

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Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Dufour-Dror, J.M. & Fragman-Sapir, O. in Dufour-Dror, J.M. (2019). Alien Plant Species in Natural & Disturbed Areas in Israel. Alien Invasive Plants in Israel, ed. 2: 1-246. Dan Perry Pub., Nature & Parks Authority, Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection.

Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.

Fairhurst, W. (2004). Flowering Plants of Ascension island: 1-300. Higham Press, Shirland, Alfreton, England.

Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.

Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya.

Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016). Flora of North America North of Mexico 12: 1-603. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.

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Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

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VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Kasterolieboom, bloubottelboom, kasterolie, bosluisie, bosluisies, oliepitboom, wonderboom
Arabic: خروع
Assamese: Era-gach
Basque: Akain-belar
Bengali: বারান্দা Veranda
Bulgarian: Рицин
Catalan: Ricí
Chinese (simplified): 蓖麻
Chinese (traditional): 蓖麻
Croatian: Ricinus, Skočac
Czech: Kočec obecný
Danish: Amerikansk olieplante
Dutch: Wonderboom
English: Ricinus, Castor bean, Castor oil plant, Maple weed, Castor Oil, Castor-Oil Plant, Castor Oil Tree, Castorbean, Castorbeantree, Castor-Oil Bush, Castor-Oil Tree, Wonder Tree
Estonian: Riitsinus
Finnish: Risiini
French: Ricin commun, Carapate
German: Rizinus, Wunderbaum
Greek: Ρετσινολαδιά
Gujarati: દિવેલી
Haitian: Maskreti
Hausa: Zirman
Hawaiian: Kaʻapeha
Hindi: अरंडी - एरंडी Arandi, Aerandi
Hungarian: Ricinus
Indonesian: Jarak
Irish: Planda ola ricne
Italian: Ricino
Japanese: トウゴマ - ヒマ - 唐胡麻
Javanese: Jarak
Kannada: Haralu, Oudala, Oudla, Avundalage, Avundalige, Takre, Manda
Kazakh: Үпілмәлік
Korean: 피마자
Latvian: Rīcinaugs
Lithuanian: Paprastasis ricinmedis
Madura: Kalĕkĕ
Malayalam: Chittamankku, Chittavanakku, amandam, Aavannakku, Erandam, Gandharvahastakam, Kottamaram
Manipuri: Kege
Marathi: Erand
Mbukushu: Mono
Ndebele: Umfude
Ndonga: Olumono
Nepali: एन्डर Ander
New Zealand: Castor oil plant
Norwegian: Lakseroljeplante
Oria: Erand, Jada, Gab
Otomí: Ndosna
Palauan: Cheluch, Uluchulaskoki
Pashto: ارهنډه
Polish: Rącznik pospolity
Portugal: Rícino
Portuguese: Mamona, Rícino, Carrapateira
Russian: Клещевина
Sanskrit: Erand, Aeradand
Santali: Jada, Eradom
Sekgatla: Mokhura
Selete: Mmono, Mokure
Setawana: Moono
Shona: Mufuta
Sinhala: එන්ඩරු - බෙත් එන්ඩරු Endaru, Beth endaru
Slovak: Ricín obyčajný
Slovenian: Kloščevec
Spanish: Ricino, Higuerilla, Higuerilla roja, Palmacristi, Planta de castor, Higuereta
Sumatera: Dulang, Gloah
Sunda: Kaliki
Swahili: Mbariki
Swedish: Ricin
Tamil: அமனக்கு - ஆமணக்கு - விளக்கென்னை கோட்டைமுத்து Amanakku, Aamanakku, Vilakkennai kottaimuttu
Telugu: Amudamu chettu
Thai: ละหุ่ง
Tsonga: Nhlampfura
Tswana: Mokhure
Turkish: Hint yağı bitkisi
United Kingdom: Castor oil plant
Zulu: Umhlakuva, Umcakuva, Umuthi wamagobongo

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
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