Dlium

Holly mangrove ( Acanthus ilicifolius ) is a species of plant in the Acanthaceae, shrub, up to 2 meters high, taproot and yellowish white in color, cylindrical stem and not woody, slightly limp, smooth surface, brownish in color, strong and sharp spines on each leaf stalk. A. ilicifolius has leaves with short stalks, sitting opposite and crossed, dark green in color, elongated in shape with a pointed tip and a large toothed margin with a pointed tip. Compound inflorescences in panicles 6-30 cm long. White, blue and brown crown. The fruit is ovate and 3 cm long. Kidney shaped seeds. This species grows on beaches, river banks and muddy places with brackish water. Tolerant of flooding and high salt levels in soil with a pH of 6.8-7.2. This plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, lignans, phenols, β-sitosterol, benzoxazinoid glucosides, arabinose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose and terpenoids. Used to treat acute and chronic hepatitis, enlarged liver and spleen, tuberculosis, skin...

Golden leather fern ( Acrostichum aureum ) is a species of plant in the Pteridaceae, an upright shrub, grows in large clumps and forms round plots, 2 meters high, stems short and stocky, fibrous, covered with large scales and brownish or pale in color with a black center line. A. aureum has compound, pinnate, leather-like leaves and is up to 3 meters long. The minor leaves are narrow oval to elliptical, blunt or rounded at the base, blunt at the tip, mucronate, 24-30 pairs, irregularly seated and sometimes loose, dark green, erect or curved. Several pairs (5 pairs or more) of minor leaves at the tip are often fertile and rusty or brownish in color, with the underside covered by many large sporangia. Sterile leaves sit on the bottom, are longer, have blunt or rounded tips and a short, small tip protrusion. This species grows in tropical and subtropical areas, damp lowlands, coastal areas, open mudflats, brackish swamps, mangrove forests, tidal streams and grows well in full sun. Pla...

Yellow walking iris ( Trimezia steyermarkii ) is a species of plant in the Iridaceae, shrub or herbaceous, up to 150 cm high, rhizome 2-4 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. Leaves are lanceolate, 60-150 cm long and 2 cm wide. T. steyermarkii has fan-shaped flowers with three oval wings, 5.5 cm wide, yellow with brown spots at the base. Flowers have stalks more than 30 cm long. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Subfamily: Iridoideae Tribe: Trimezieae Genus: Trimezia Species: Trimezia steyermarkii

Umbrella palm ( Carludovica drudei ) is a species of plant in the Cyclanthaceae, in clusters, 2-3 meters high, leaf stalks up to 2.5 meters long, cylindrical. Blade width 1.8 meters, 4 lobes, palmately, lobe length up to 75 cm, apex width 35-60 cm, 9-16 teeth per lobe and tooth length 5-13 cm. C. drudei has young V-shaped leaves, 4 lobes and a stem length of 40-50 cm. The flowers form up to 22 cm long. Fruit oval to round, about 10 mm long and 6-8 mm wide. Seeds numerous, ovate and flat, about 2 mm long. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Liliopsida Order: Pandanales Family: Cyclanthaceae Genus: Carludovica Species: Carludovica drudei

Nipah or mangrove palm ( Nypa fruticans ) is a species of plant in the Arecaceae, the stems spread along the ground, forming rhizomes that are submerged in mud and only the rosette of leaves appears above the ground, the fibrous roots grow up to 13 meters and the clumps can be washed away by water until to the sea. N. fruticans has rhizomes that produce compound and pinnate leaves, upright up to 9 meters above the ground. The stalk is 1-1.5 meters long with a hard and shiny surface, green when young and brown to black as it ages. The inside is soft like cork. The minor leaves are elongated ribbon-shaped and have a pointed tip and have veins. Up to 100 cm long and leaves 4-7 cm wide. Young leaves are yellow and old leaves are green. Each enthal has 25-100 strands. Compound flower bouquets appear in the leaf axils. Each strand has 4-5 male flowers with a length of 5 cm. The male flower is protected by a sheath, but the part filled with pollen remains visible. The female flowers are ...

Ravan's mustache ( Spinifex littoreus ) is a species of plant in the Poaceae, a perennial grass, strong, forming dense colonies with long, creeping shoots, cylindrical stems, 40-80 cm long, hard texture, sturdy with many nodes and spiny leaves. S. littoreus grows in sand dunes, high salinity and arid ecosystems. This grass has fast growth and has an important role as an efficient sand binder with a deep root system to stabilize sand movement, withstand storms, winds and tides with the formation of changing sand dunes. These plants help protect beaches from wind erosion and abrasion. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Panicoideae Tribe: Paniceae Subtribe: Cenchrinae Genus: Spinifex Species: Spinifex littoreus

Pidada or apple mangrove ( Sonneratia caseolaris ) is a species of plant in the Lythraceae, evergreen tree, wide crown, up to 20 meters high, cream to brown bark with fine horizontal cracks, thick roots and appears in the form of rather thick pointed cones. S. caseolaris has leaves sitting opposite each other, thick, oval or inverted oval, 5-10 long, 3-9 cm wide, wide rounded tips, often curved and the stems are often red. The flowers are red, ephemeral, fully developed after 20.00 at night (nocturnal) and contain a lot of nectar. The fruit has a diameter of 6-8 cm, green, smooth surface, stemmed tip, cup-shaped petals that cover the base of the fruit and sour taste. The seeds are numerous and flat. This species grows in brackish areas in mangrove forests and muddy soil along small rivers with slow flowing water and is influenced by tides and lots of sunlight, temperature 20-30C, rainfall 1500-2500 mm/year and pH 6.7-7 ,3. This plant is a pioneer in mangrove forests, often growing...

Narrow-leaved merremia ( Xenostegia tridentata ) is a species of plant in the Convolvulaceae, herbaceous, grows climbing or creeping on the ground, square-shaped stems, reddish in color, grows in sandy soil near the coast, agricultural land, roadsides and lots of sunlight. X. tridentata has alternate sitting leaves and no stems. The strands are elongated, heart-shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, green or reddish, up to 30 mm long and 1-2 mm wide. Flowers are funnel-shaped, 2 cm wide, 2-3 cm long, white or yellow with a brownish red center. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Convolvulaceae Subfamily: Convolvuloideae Tribe: Merremieae Genus: Xenostegia Species: Xenostegia tridentata Subspecies: Xenostegia tridentata ssp. angustifolia, Xenostegia tridentata ssp. hastata, Xenostegia tridentata ssp. tridentata

Loop-root mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata ) is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae, evergreen, 10-27 meters high, up to 70 cm in diameter, dark to black bark, cracked bark, horizontal, many large stilt roots with a height of up to 2 meters above mud and woody. R. mucronata has leaves that sit opposite each other, collected at the ends of the twigs, the buds are covered in supporting leaves that are rolled up and pointed and are white or red in color, fall off quickly and leave scars similar to bulging rings. The leaves are elliptical, thick, smooth, green or yellowish, with a pointed tip, have a stalk, 12-24 cm long, 4-13 cm wide. Flowers are grouped in additional umbrellas, stalked, forked in axils and 4-8 florets. The crown is white, with long hairs up to 9 mm. Flowers all year round. The fruit is egg-shaped, green-brown, 5-7 cm and viviparous. Cylindrical hypocotyl, large, rough, nodules and 36-70 cm long. The cotyledon neck is yellow when ripe. This species tolerates hard a...

White-eye ( Richardia brasiliensis ) is a species of plant in the Rubiaceae, herbaceous, reproduces via seeds for the generative and stolons for the vegetative, single root, elliptical leaves, short pointed tip with a wide middle, the stem is united with the stipules and is bowl-shaped, with white hairs . R. brasiliensis has flowers sitting on coil-shaped bulbs, resembling star-shaped bells, about 5 mm, 6 corners and whorls. All parts of the flower are white except the petals and sheath, the sepals are green. This species grows on roadsides, rice fields and plantations, sandy soil and is drought resistant. This plant forms colonies but is not dominant. TAXON Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Subfamily: Rubioideae Tribe: Spermacoceae Genus: Richardia L. in Sp. Pl.: 330 (1753) Species: Richardia brasiliensis Gomes in Mem. Ipecacuanha Bras.: 31 (1801) HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS Richardsonia brasiliensis (Gom...

Tempuyang or perennial sowthistle ( Sonchus arvensis ) is a species of plant in the Asteraceae, herbaceous, upright with a height of 65-150 cm, stems are green, cylindrical, soft, hollow, green gummy and hairy, S. arvensis has a single elongated oval-shaped leaf, pointed tip, purplish green, smooth surface, wavy edges and irregular teeth, 6-48 cm long and 3-12 cm wide. The leaves are near the base of the stem and are toothed and form a rosette. The leaves located at the top sit alternately hugging the stem. Compound flowers, bell-like petals and a crown shaped like a collection of white or yellow needles. The fruit is box-shaped, has 5 ribs and has black hairs which then turn into small and light seeds. This species grows in open places exposed to full sunlight or slightly protected such as cliffs, edges of waterways and abandoned land. It grows well in areas with lots of rain at an elevation of 50-1650 meters. This plant contains alpha-lactuserol, β-lactoserol, mannitol, inositol...

Purun or congest spikerush ( Eleocharis congesta ) is a species of plant in the Cyperaceae, herbaceous in the form of a thick, erect, dark green reed, 10-25 cm high, 1-2 mm thick, cylindrical, smooth and shiny. Spikelet inflorescences at the tip of the reed, brown, 1-9 mm long, 1-3 cm wide and many flowers. E. congesta grows in swamps, shallow lakes and rice fields at an elevation of 5-2500 meters, is resistant to brackish water, resistant to flooding and resistant to drought. This species forms dense colonies and covers surfaces. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Subfamily: Cyperoideae Tribe: Eleocharideae Genus: Eleocharis Species: Eleocharis congesta Variety: Eleocharis congesta var. congesta, Eleocharis congesta var. japonica, Eleocharis congesta var. thermalis