Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria)

Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) is a plant species in the Cucurbitaceae family. It is an annual, monoecious herb that grows as a vine or creeper, featuring tendrils that branch into two at the base. The leaves are simple, arranged alternately, and lack stipules. The petioles (leaf stalks) are 2.5–12.5 cm long, hairy, and possess a pair of small glands near the apex. The leaf blades range from broadly ovate to kidney-shaped, measuring 3–33 cm in width and 4.5–33 cm in length; they may be entire or have 5–9 shallow, palmate lobes. The leaf base is cordate (heart-shaped), the margins are shallowly notched or toothed, and the venation is palmate.

The flowers are unisexual, appearing singly in the leaf axils; they are symmetrical, pentamerous (five-parted), and reach up to 15 cm in diameter. The receptacle tube is inversely conical to cylindrical, 1–1.5 cm long, with distinct, separate lobes. The petals are free and white. Male flowers have pedicels (stalks) 7–31 cm long and three free stamens attached to the receptacle tube, with broad connectives. Female flowers have pedicels 2–10 cm long, an inferior ovary covered in dense hair, and a stigma divided into three thick lobes, each of which is further bifurcated.

The fruit is a berry, highly variable in size and shape—ranging from spherical or bottle-shaped to club-shaped—and can reach up to 100 cm in length. When young, the fruit is yellowish-white to dark green, sometimes with whitish spots; upon maturing and drying, it typically turns brown, developing a hard, durable outer shell. The flesh is white and soft, containing numerous seeds. The seeds are oblong and flattened, reaching up to 2 cm in length, with a 1000-seed weight of approximately 150 grams. They feature an emarginate base, two flat ridges on the surface, and a smooth—or occasionally wrinkled—texture; their color ranges from whitish to brownish.

L. siceraria grows at elevations ranging from 0 to 2,500 meters, with an annual rainfall of 600–1,500 mm, and is capable of adapting to semi-arid conditions. It thrives in fertile soil with good aeration and a pH of 6–7. In Southeast Asia, a yield of 25 tons per hectare—with individual fruits weighing 0.5–2 kg—is considered a good harvest. Depending on the cultivar and growing conditions, a single plant can produce anywhere from one to over 30 fruits.

Young, tender, and non-bitter fruits are prepared as vegetables. They can be sliced and boiled with salt to be enjoyed as a snack, or mashed, seasoned with salt, and fried to create a dish served in a sauce. Young shoots and flower buds are consumed as leafy greens. The seeds are processed to extract vegetable oil, or they can be roasted—or crushed and mixed with corn flour—to serve as a snack. Long strips of the fruit's rind are boiled and soaked in soy sauce with a touch of sugar, then used as an ingredient for sushi. Both the roots and the fruit are used as laxatives, while the leaves serve as a medicinal remedy for stomach aches, skin rashes, and swelling caused by snakebites.

Dried fruit shells are utilized as containers and implements for storing drinking water, porridge, milk, beer, wine, honey, clarified butter, animal fat, salt, tobacco, perfume, medicinal plants, seeds, and grains. They also serve as vessels for brewing beer, storage for clothing, animal traps, air pumps, well buckets, vases, funnels, fishing net floats, cradles, basins, cups, irrigation tools, chick coops, and even masks.

Furthermore, these shells are crafted into various musical instruments, including traditional trumpets, harp- or zither-like instruments, xylophones, guitars, drums, wind instruments, shakers, and even hand-operated pianos. The gourds are also used to create necklaces, earrings, and a variety of other accessories. Young fruit (per 100 g of edible portion) contains 93.9 g of water, 88 kJ (21 kcal) of energy, 0.5 g of protein, 0.1 g of fat, 5.2 g of carbohydrates, 0.6 g of fiber, 44 mg of Ca, 34 mg of P, 2.4 mg of Fe, 25 μg of β-carotene, 0.03 mg of thiamin, 1.2 mg of niacin, and 10 mg of ascorbic acid. Leaves (per 100 g of edible portion) contain 83.7 g of water, 180 kJ (43 kcal) of energy, 4.4 g of protein, 0.3 g of fat, 8.3 g of carbohydrates, 1.8 g of fiber, 560 mg of Ca, 88 mg of P, and 7.4 mg of Fe. Seeds (per 100 g of edible portion) contain 3.2 g of water, 2410 kJ (574 kcal) of energy, 28.2 g of protein, 49.8 g of fat, 14.6 g of carbohydrates, 2.0 g of fiber, 75 mg of Ca, 1100 mg of P, 5.3 mg of Fe, 0.40 mg of thiamin, 0.26 mg of riboflavin, and 4.6 mg of niacin (Leung, W.-T.W., Busson, F. & Jardin, C., 1968). The oil extracted from the seeds contains 60% linoleic acid, but only 0.1% linolenic acid.

One of the primary components responsible for the bitter taste in the fruit is cucurbitacin B, which is toxic. Elaterase, an active β-glucosidase enzyme, has been isolated from the juice of such bitter-tasting fruit. This is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of bitter substances in plants of the Cucurbitaceae family; it is capable of cleaving glucose from tri-glucosides and tetra-glucosides. Consumption of the bitter-tasting fruit flesh can lead to restlessness and dyspnea, potentially progressing to asphyxia.

TAXON

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Subphylum Angiospermae
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Cucurbitales
Family Cucurbitaceae
Tribe Benincaseae
Genus Lagenaria Ser. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 3(1): 25 (1825)
Species: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3: 435 (1930)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cucurbita siceraria Molina in Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili: 133 (1782)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Adenopus abyssinicus var. somaliensis Chiov. in Res. Sci. Somalia Ital.: 81 (1916)
Cucumis bicirrha J.R.Forst. ex Guill. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 7: 350 (1837)
Cucumis lagenaria (L.) Dumort. in Fl. Belg.: 54 (1827)
Cucumis mairei H.Lév. in Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan: 64 (1916)
Cucurbita ciceraria Molina (1782)
Cucurbita idololatrica Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 607 (1805)
Cucurbita lagenaria L. in Sp. Pl.: 1010 (1753)
Cucurbita lagenaria var. oblonga Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 772 (1837)
Cucurbita lagenaria var. villosa Blanco (1837)
Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 150 (1786)
Cucurbita longa W.M.Fletcher in Gazetteer Bombay Presid. 18(2, Poona): 58 (1885)
Cucurbita pyriformis M.Roem. in Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 2: 89 (1846)
Cucurbita vittata Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 932 (1826)
Lagenaria bicornuta Chakrav. in Bull. Inst. Fondam. Afrique Noire, Sér. A, Sci. Nat. 30: 412 (1968)
Lagenaria cochinchinensis M.Roem. (1846)
Lagenaria hispida Ser. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 3: 299 (1828)
Lagenaria idolatrica (Willd.) Ser. (1828)
Lagenaria lagenaria (L.) Cockerell in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19: 95 (1892)
Lagenaria leucantha Rusby in Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 43 (1896)
Lagenaria leucantha var. cougourda (Ser.) Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 18: 26 (1942)
Lagenaria leucantha var. depressa (Ser.) Makino in Ill. Fl. Nippon: 89 (1940)
Lagenaria leucantha var. gourda (Ser.) Makino ex Nakai (1942)
Lagenaria leucantha var. makinoi Nakai (1942)
Lagenaria leucantha var. microcarpa (Tod.) Nakai (1942)
Lagenaria leucantha var. turbinata (Ser.) Nakai (1942)
Lagenaria microcarpa Naudin in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 4: 65 (1855)
Lagenaria siceraria subsp. asiatica (Kobjakova) Heiser in B.J.Meggers, E.S.Ayensu & W.D.Duckworth, Trop. Forest Ecosyst. Africa S. Amer.: 127 (1973)
Lagenaria siceraria var. clavata (Ser.) H.Hara in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 61: 5 (1948)
Lagenaria siceraria var. cougourda (Ser.) H.Hara (1948)
Lagenaria siceraria f. depressa (Ser.) M.Hiroe in Pl. Basho Buson Hokku Lit. 8(1): 246 (1971)
Lagenaria siceraria var. depressa (Ser.) H.Hara (1948)
Lagenaria siceraria var. gourda (Ser.) H.Hara (1948)
Lagenaria siceraria var. laevisperma Millán in Darwiniana 7: 196 (1946)
Lagenaria siceraria f. microcarpa (Naudin) M.Hiroe (1971)
Lagenaria siceraria var. microcarpa (Tod.) H.Hara (1948)
Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinata (Ser.) H.Hara (1948)
Lagenaria verrucosa Anon. in Gartenflora 39: 106 (1890)
Lagenaria virginalis Mast. in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 11: 85 (1892)
Lagenaria vittata Ser. (1828)
Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (1825)
Lagenaria vulgaris subsp. afrikana Kobjakova in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 23: 487 (1929-1930 publ. 1930)
Lagenaria vulgaris subsp. asiatica Kobjakova (1929-1930 publ. 1930)
Lagenaria vulgaris f. clavata (Ser.) Juel, Junell & Örtendahl in Index Seminum (UPS, Upsaliensi) 1927: 9 (1928)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. clavata Ser. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 3: 29 (1825)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. cougourda Ser. (1828)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. depressa Ser. (1828)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. elongata Tod. in Index Seminum (PAL, Panormitani) 1857: 44 (1858)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. gourda Ser. (1825)
Lagenaria vulgaris f. gourda (Ser.) Juel, Junell & Örtendahl (1928)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. microcarpa Tod. (1858)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. pyriformis Kobjakova (1929-1930 publ. 1930)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. turbinata Ser. (1828)
Lagenaria vulgaris var. viscosa Eggers in Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 23(3): 55 (1879)
Pepo lagenarius Moench in Methodus: 658 (1794)
Trochomeria rehmannii Cogn. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 275, II(Heft 88): 194 (1924)

PUBLICATIONS

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VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Kalabas, Kalbas, Bierkalabas, Bierkalbas, Marakka, Marakkalas, Maranka, Popkalabas, Popkalabassie, Pypkalabas, Stopkalabas, Stopkalabassie
Arabic: كالاباش خياري
Bengali: লাড্ডু Ladu
Bunun: Bitahul
Chinese (simplified): 瓢箪 - 葫芦 - 蒲瓜
Chinese (traditional): 扁蒲 - 葫蘆 - 蒲瓜
Chontal: Li-pu
Czech: Lagenárie obecná
Dinka: Anyal
Dutch: Fleskalebas
English: Calabash, Bottle gourd, White-flowered gourd, Long melon, Birdhouse gourd, New Guinea bean, New Guinea butter bean, Tasmania bean, Calabash gourds, Flask calabash, Large african calabash, Pipe calabash, Trumpet calabash, Common gourd, white-flowered gourd
Filipino: Upo, Tabungaw, Kalubay
Finnish: Pullokurpitsa
French: Calebasse, Gourde, Courge bouteille
German: Flaschenkürbis
Guarijío: Uili
Gujarati: Tumada
Hawaiian: Ipu
Hebrew: קרא - קרא פשוט
Hindi: लौकी - घिया Lauki, Ghiya
Hungarian: Lopótök
Indonesia: Kalabas, Labu air, Labu putih
Italian: Zucca a fiasco, Zucca bottiglia, Zucca da pergola, Zucca lagenaria, Zucca serpente di Sicilia, Zucchetta da pergola
Japanese: ヒョウタン
Java: Kukuk
Kannada: Sorekayi
Khmer: ខ្លូក Khlôôk
Korean: 박
Lao: ນ້ຳຕົກ Namz taux
Malayalam: Pechura
Malaysia: Labu botol
Manipuri: Khongdrum
Maori: Hue
Marathi: Dudhi
Mizo: Um, Um-ei
PNG: Sel kambang, Botol wara
Polish: Tykwa pospolita
Portuguese: Cabaceiro, Abóbora-d'água, Cabaça, Marimba, Maxixe-de-metro, Porongo, Abóbora carneira, Colombro
Russian: Лагенария обыкновенная
Sanskrit: Tiktalabu
Sengwaketse: Segwana
Slovak: Fľaškovec obyčajný
Spanish: Acocote, Calabaza mate, Porongo
Swahili: Mbuyu, Mmumunye, Mmung’unye
Swedish: Flaskkurbits
Tagalog: Upo
Taiwan: 蒲瓜
Tamil: சுரைக்காய் Surakkai
Telugu: Sorakkaya
Thai: น้ำเต้า
Tswana: Sego
Turkish: Kernip, Su Kabağı, Uzun Kabak
Ukrainian: Тиква звичайна
Urdu: لوکی Lauki
Venda: Mukumbu, Muphapha

Aryo Bandoro
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