Dlium

Madagascar periwinkle or tapak dara ( Catharanthus roseus L. G.Don) is an annual shrub that lives wild or cultivated in open places in various tropical regions, but can also grow in a rather shady place. Shrub habitus grows sideways and is 0.2 meters to 1 meter high. This beautiful plant in Indonesia is called tapak dara, Malaysians know it as kemunting cina, in the Philippines as tsitsirika, in Vietnam as hoa hai dang, in China known as chang chun hua, in England as rose periwinkle, and in the Netherlands as a soldaten bloem. C. roseus has a beautiful flower appearance and is similar to frangipani flowers, round and diameter shaped stems are small, branched, woody stems and downy leaves. Flowers have red, pink, blue, white and others. These plants can live wildly on any land including clay, sand and rocks. It grows and spreads rapidly during the rainy season where the wake flowers bloom on dewy mornings. This flower plant bursts and appears to be striking between the surround...

Oyo River or Kali Oyo or Oya River or Kali Oya is one of the major rivers in Gunung Sewu Geopark in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, upstream on the western slopes of the Gajahmungkur and Kukusan Mountain Hills in Wonogiri District, Central Java Province. The river flows along 106.75 kilometers from the northeast to the southwest until it empties into the Opak River in Bantul Regency. The monthly water debit is 9.31 cubic meters per second with a maximum of 83.2 cubic meters per second and a minimum of cubic meters per second. The Oyo River is a periodic river that flows across the northern and southern karst hills with a flow of suspended load. The river has many tributaries including the Buyuk River, Jurang River, Lunyu River, Kedunggedang River, Ngalang River, Widoro River, Juwet River, Saradan River, Pentung River, Kaliurang River, and Prambutan River. Geomorphology and Hydrology The geomorphology of the river is formed by the arrival of water which is concentrated in the...

Karimunjawa National Park is a conservation marine area covering 110,117 hectares (1,101 square kilometers) and covers 22 islands in the Java Sea in Jepara Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The national park is located at coordinates 5°40’39” - 5°55’00” LS dan 110°05’57” - 110°31’15” BT and was proclaimed in 1999. Karimunjawa Islands are home to coral reefs, mangrove forests and coastal forests where nearly 400 species of marine fauna include 242 species of ornamental fish. Some rare fauna are White chest sea eagle ( Haliaeetus leucogaster ) and turtles. The characteristic plant of Karimunjawa National Park is dewadaru ( Crystocalyx macrophyla ) in lowland rainforests. Regions with five types of ecosystems are lowland tropical rainforest, mangrove forest, coastal forest, seagrass beds, and coral reefs as home to 7 of mammals, 116 of aves, 12 of reptiles, 17 of butterflies, 42 of insects, 412 of pisces, 205 of Anthozoa, 2 of Plathyhelmintes, 2 of Annelids, 47 of Gastropods...

Bamboo forest of Mount Merapi is a diverse natural forest area home to various species of bamboo living in the wild on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi in the Turgo region, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. This is a protected area within the Mount Merapi National Park with an total area of 64 square kilometers. The various bamboo species grow together in a location in the forest and are very dense. A species is only about the size of a little finger growing in clusters, whereas elsewhere different species have giant sizes and are tens of meters high. Mount Merapi National Park has at least six species of bamboo including Cendani bamboo ( Phyllostachys aurea ), Giant bamboo or Dragon bamboo or Petung bamboo ( Dendrocalamus asper ), Ampel bamboo ( Bambusa vulgaris ), Java black bamboo or Wulung bamboo ( Gigantochloa atroviolacea ), String bamboo or Pring tali bamboo or Pring apus bamboo ( Gigantochloa apus ) and bamboo Legi ( Gigantochloa atter ). This bamboo fo...

Wana Tirta Mangrove Forest is a mangrove vegetation that grows in brackish water and is influenced by sea tides in Temon District, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. This mangorve forest area grows a cape at the mouth of the Bogowonto River to enter the Indian Ocean. This forest grows on top of the lubrication and accumulation of organic matter carried by the flow of the Bogowonto River which originates on Mount Sumbing. The bays are protected from the onslaught of waves and around the mouth of the river where the water slows down and settles the mud carried from upstream. Vegetation Species covering the Wana Tirta mangrove forest are Avicennia alba , Rhizopora mucronata , Sonneratia alba , Acanthus ilicifolius and Nypa fruticans . Avicennia alba Avecennia alba is a thicket or tree that grows spread, up to 25 meters high, the outer bark is grayish or dark and horizontal roots. The leaves are lanceolate or elliptical with a tapered tip and smooth surface, th...

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world which has more than 100,000 islands scattered along the equator and flight is one of the main transportation in Indonesia . Since 2000, regulations regarding flights in Indonesia have become increasingly open and there are many new airlines in Indonesia. Local and international airlines operate to serve domestic and international flight routes for more than 500 airports in the country. The following is a complete list of airlines operating in Indonesia: Scheduled airlines Air Asia (www.airasia.com) Air China (www.airchina.com) Batik Air (batikair.com) Cathay Pacific (www.cathaypacific.com) China Airlines (www.china-airlines.com) China Southern (www.csair.com) Citilink Airlines (www.citilink.co.id) Etihad Airways (www.etihad.com) Garuda Indonesia (www.garuda-indonesia.com) Japan Airlines (www.jal.com) Jet Star & Value Air (www.jetstar.com) Kal Star Aviation (www.kalstaronline.com) Korean Air (www.koreanair....

Siung Beach is a coast surrounded by cliffs and has at least 250 international scale wall climbing trails on the coast of Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The beach surrounded by high coral walls towers as a hidden paradise for rock climbers. Siung Beach is located in a remote area approximately 77 kilometers from Yogyakarta. The stretch of white sand in the Indian Ocean line with the karst hills and teak trees is located in the Gunung Sewu Geopark area. The beach is reached through a winding road between the cliffs and palawija fields. Giant corals on the west and east of the coast have an important role to play as breakers of the roar of ocean waves and gaps lined by flowing seawater slowly producing dramatic scenery. Although rich in various types of fish, not many people dare to go to sea and they are only looking for fish on the banks. Fauna Sewu Geopark is a native habitat for various turtles and as a location for laying eggs. Long-tailed macaques th...

Ijen Volcano (2,799 m) is a group of volcanoes on the border of Banyuwangi Regency and Bondowoso Regency in East Java Province, Indonesia. This mountain last erupted in 1999 and a crater lake on the summit is known as the largest acidic water lake in the world. Mount Ijen is an active type A volcano that grows after the Ijen Caldera with a height of 2,443 meters. At the top of Ijen lay a panorama of other mountain scenery in the Ijen Mountains complex including the summit of Mount Merapi East Java, Mount Raung, Mount Suket, Mount Rante, and others. Ijen crater Many cones and craters are inside the caldera or along the edges. The largest concentration of post-caldera cones to the east-west crosses the south side of the caldera. The active crater on Mount Ijen has a length of 900 meters, width of 600 meters, depth of ~180 meters, volume of 30 million cubic meters and PH ~0.5. Turquoise crater lake is the largest acidic lake in the world and water seeps through the western wall t...

Jomblang Cave or Luweng Jomblang is a 50-meter vertical collapse doline type cave in Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. This cave was formed due to geological processes in which soil and vegetation on the surface collapsed to the bottom of the earth into a sinkhole thousands of years ago into ancient forests in the cave. Inside the cave grows endemic vegetation and a place for conservation of ancient plants. Sunlight bursts into 90 meters of Luweng Grubug to form a light pole, illuminating the beautiful flowstone and water dripping from a height in a dark room. Characteristics Jomblang Cave is one of the caves of hundreds of caves in the Gunung Sewu Geopark . This doline collapse cave is formed due to the surface process collapsing and forming a sinkhole. Ancient plants that lived on the surface also fell to the bottom of the earth, adapted and continued to grow until now as a very rare endemic plant. This cave has a mouth hole 50 meters wide and 60 meters ...

Menoreh Mountains are mountainous areas stretching in the western region of Kulon Progo Regency in Yogyakarta Province and to the east of Purworejo Regency and Magelang Regency in Central Java Province, Indonesia. This mountain range has a fertile karst region, dense vegetation and caves as the home of a variety of bats. Some formations include sandstone, clay rock, and limestone in the Middle Eocene; andesite rocks, andesite and tuff breccias as a result of Menoreh Volcano activity in the Oligocene; limestone and coral deposited in Lower Miocene; and the colluvium material deposited in the Quarter Period. The Ayamayam peak (1,021 meters) is the highest point with geomorphology having a complex shape. Other peaks are Suroloyo Peak (1,019 m), Widosari Peak (944 m) and Kukusan Peak (890 m) in the north. Rivers that originate in these mountains include the Blubas River in Magelang and the Benowo River in Purworejo. The complexity of Menoreh Mountains is an endogenic and exogenic pr...

Opak River or Kali Opak is a river along approximately 65 kilometers across Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The upper river is on Mount Merapi in Sleman and flows south to the Indian Ocean on Samas Beach in Bantul. The Opak River crossed the western side of Prambanan Temple and was once the natural boundary of the Kingdom of Yogyakarta with the Kingdom of Surakarta. The average monthly discharge of water is around 12.35 meters per second with a maximum of 83.2 cubic meters per second and a minimum of 1.89 cubic meters per second. The major rivers that supply water to the Opak River are Gendol River, Tepus River, Kuning River, Code River, Gajahwong River, Belik River, Tambakbayan River, Nongko River, Oyo River and Winongo River. This river flows in the southern region of Java in the tropical monsoon climate for the Am code according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average temperature of a year is around 22 Celsius. The hottest...

Merapi orchid ( Vanda tricolor ) is an endemic orchid species of Mount Merapi with flowers shaped like spiders, has three dominant colors in one petal are white, brownish red spots, and purple. V. tricolor is considered the most beautiful of the 70 species of orchid found at Merapi. Orchid Merapi is the queen of orchids from the slopes of Mount Merapi. V. tricolor and Dendrobium mutabile are extraordinary orchids where the two plants survive after being hit by the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010. V. tricolor has a heat shock protein (HSP) that makes it heat resistant. V. tricolor can live in the lowlands up to 1,000 meters above sea level. Cultivation is very easy and only needs patience. The plant's height is around 15 centimeters at the age of two and continues to rise up to several meters. This Merapi orchid has a fragrant aroma, but only at 7.00-9.00 in the morning. Each tree can have dozens of flower stems that generally appear from October to September. Even so,...

Mount Merbabu National Park is a conservation area of 57.25 square kilometers covering a forest area on Mount Merbabu (3,145 m) in Boyolali Regency, Magelang Regency, and Semarang Regency in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The national park was declared on May 4, 2004 which was previously a protected forest and a natural tourism park. Mount Merbabu National Park is very important as a source of water in the three Regencies and the flora and fauna habitat is protected and preserved. The area consists of mountain forest zones as stated by van Steenis. Lower mountain forest zone at 1,000 - 1,500 m has changed and overgrown by Tusam ( Pinus merkusii ), Puspa ( Schima wallichii ssp. Noronhae) and Bintuni. The upper mountain forest zone at 1,500 - 2,400 m is overgrown with acacia ( Acacia decurrens and Acacia virgata ), Puspa, Sengon gunung ( Albizia lophanta ), Sowo ( Engelhardtia serrata ), mountain cypress ( Casuarina junghuhniana ), Pasang (Quercus sp), and Tanganan. The sub-alp...

Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another using a vehicle driven by humans or machines. The most common modes of transportation in Indonesia include flights and ferries for inter-island transportation services, and various types of road vehicles for land transportation such as buses, trains, taxis and motorcycle taxis ("Ojek"). Trains are only limited to Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi, but will be widely available in the future. Flights, ferries, buses, taxis and motorbike taxis including the Go-Jek and Grab application services are present on almost all islands in Indonesia. WATER TRANSPORTATION Indonesia is an archipelagic country and water transportation is an important means of connecting many places. Many ships are used including various types of ferries, passenger ships, and small motorized vessels. The ferry serves the adjacent island strait route. Ferries are operated 24 hours per day at busy crossings such as Sumatra, Java and B...

Often some hiking hobbyists ignore the right way of packing supplies, they carelessly put items into backpacks causing food supplies to be destroyed, survival equipment damaged even the most fatal event is that portable stove tubes leak due to being hit from above. The advantage of packing properly is that supplies are not damaged, easily taken if needed, and facilitates movement. The first thing to consider before packing is to make a list of items to be taken, sort items and put them in plastic bags. Everyone's comfort may vary and there is no definite formula in packing, but most hiking hobbyists have a similar order of packing. Correct packing includes distributing the load evenly. So how is the order of packing correct? The following tips: Slepping bag and clothes at bottom Slepping bag and clothes at the lowest position where the bottom of the backpack rests directly on the waist. Soft items will make the waist not hurt. Slepping bag and clothes are also used most re...

Gunung Sewu Geopark or Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark or Pegunungan Sewu (Thousand mountains) are elongated mountains in Kulonprogo Regency, Bantul Regency and Gunung Kidul Regency in Yogyakarta Province, Wonogiri Regency in Central Java Province, to Tulungagung Regency in East Java Province on Java Island, Indonesia. The uniqueness of the ecosystem encourages the International Union of Speleology to propose the Sewu Mountains Karst Area into one of the world's natural heritages in 1993. On September 19 2015, UNESCO announced Gunung Sewu as the Global Geopark Network. Sewu Mountain is rich in biodiversity, archeology, history and cultural aspects. The Pacitan rock culture represents Paleolithic to Neolithic artifacts in Southeast Asia. About 1,802 square kilometers of the area contain traces of prehistoric settlements. Some prehistoric people lived in caves, while others lived in open spaces. Characteristics Gunung Sewu is a classic tropical karst landscape and is domin...

The Javan hawk-eagle or Javanese eagle or Elang Jawa ( Nisaetus bartelsi ) is one of the endemic eagle species on Mount Merapi , medium to large, and slim with a length of up to 70 cm. The reddish-brown head (cadre) has a crest of 2 to 4 feathers for up to 12 cm long and a yellowish brown neck. Black crested with white ends, black crown and mustache, while back and wings are dark brown. The esophagus is whitish with a long black line in the middle. The chest has black streaks spread over the brownish yellow which eventually turn into a dense line pattern and red transverse above the whitish color of the abdominal and leg feathers. Feathers cover the legs to close to the base of the finger. A brownish tail with four dark lines and a wide cross is clearly visible on the lower side, and the tip of the tail is thin white striped. Females are similar in color, but have a slightly larger size. The iris is yellow and brownish, half-black, sera yellowish, and yellowish legs. Young birds ha...