Apple (Malus domestica)

Apple (Malus domestica) is a plant species in the Rosaceae family; it is a deciduous tree reaching heights of up to 15 meters, featuring a rounded to upright habit and a dense canopy. The bark is dark gray or grayish-brown, while young branches are reddish or dark brown with a smooth texture. Young twigs are covered in fine hairs.

Leaf buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple, measuring 3–5 mm. Upon emerging from the bud, the leaves are convolute, with their edges overlapping. The leaves are elliptical—with the widest part near the base—or elongated, with sides tending toward parallel and a tapering tip.

The leaf margins feature wide-angled serrations but lack deep indentations. The upper leaf surface is glabrescent (becoming hairless), whereas the underside is densely covered with fine hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately and attached to the stem by short stalks (petioles) measuring 1–3.5 cm in length.

As the flower buds open, the petals are pink, fading to white or pale bright red upon full bloom. The flowers are 3–4 cm in diameter. Each flower has five petals and is arranged in a cyme cluster of 3–7 blossoms. The central flower in the cluster opens first and produces a larger fruit.

The mature fruit contains harder internal chambers; typically, there are five carpels within an apple. Each chamber holds 1–2 seeds. The seeds are egg-shaped and range in color from light brown or brownish-cream to very dark brown, often with reddish or even purplish-black hues.

The fruit ranges from 2.5 to 12 cm in diameter. Its shape varies, potentially resembling a sphere, or appearing elongated, conical, short, or broad. Ripe fruits vary in color, ranging from yellow, green, orange, and red to brownish. The fruit skin is coated with a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, although it can also be bright red, yellow, or green.

Key volatile compounds contributing to aroma and flavor include acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1-butanal, ethanol, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, ethyl propionate, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, hexanal, 1-butanol, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, trans-2-hexenal, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Tribe: Maleae
Genus: Malus Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. 2: (1754)
Species: Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1272 (1803)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Malus communis var. domestica (Suckow) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
Malus × dasyphylla var. domestica (Suckow) Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
Malus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906)
Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Suckow) Mansf. in Kulturpflanze, Beih. 2: 132 (1959)
Pyrus malus proles domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
Pyrus malus var. domestica Suckow in Anfangsgr. Bot. 2(1): 332 (1786)
Pyrus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Malus anetica Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 11 (1808)
Malus anetica rubra Poit. & Turpin (1808)
Malus anisophylla Sumnev. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 29 (1948)
Malus apetala Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 46 (1846)
Malus astracanica Dum.Cours. in Bot. Cult., ed. 2. 5: 426 (1811)
Malus batavica Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus calvilla Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus calvilla alba Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus calvilla rubra Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus caspiriensis Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 181 (1991)
Malus chitralensis Vassilcz. in Fl. Iranica 66: 38 (1969)
Malus columbella Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 25 (1829)
Malus columbella alba Poit. & Turpin (1829)
Malus communis Desf. in Fl. Atlant. 1: 398 (1798)
Malus communis var. api Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 281 (1826)
Malus communis var. austera (Wallr.) Wenz. in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
Malus communis var. chinensis Wenz. (1883)
Malus communis var. coccinea Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. corallina Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. coronata Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. depressa Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. fasciata Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. gellida Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. joannis Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. loiseleurii Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. mitis Wenz. (1883)
Malus communis subsp. mitis (Wenz.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893)
Malus communis f. mitis (Wenz.) Gams (1922)
Malus communis var. nigra Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 396 (1893)
Malus communis var. oblonga Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. paradisiaca (L.) Wenz. (1883)
Malus communis subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Dippel (1893)
Malus communis var. ponderosa Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. provincialis Risso (1826)
Malus communis subsp. pumila (Mill.) Gams (1922)
Malus communis var. pumila (Mill.) Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. reneta Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. rosea Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. sabulosa Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. sativa DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., éd. 3. 3: 429 (1805)
Malus communis var. siccifolia Risso (1826)
Malus communis var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Dippel (1893)
Malus communis var. tomentosa Coss. & Germ. in Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris: 186 (1845)
Malus communis var. typica Beck in Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 716 (1892)
Malus communis var. vetan Risso (1826)
Malus cylindracea A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus × dasyphylla var. chinensis (Wenz.) Koidz. (1934)
Malus × dasyphylla f. dioeca Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 185 (1903)
Malus × dasyphylla f. flore-plena Zabel (1903)
Malus × dasyphylla var. gellidus (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 154 (1997)
Malus × dasyphylla f. pendula (R.Möller) Zabel (1903)
Malus × dasyphylla var. reneta (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus dioica (Moench) Medik. in Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793)
Malus dolichomorpha Juz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 9: 366 (1939)
Malus domestica var. api (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus domestica var. calvillea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
Malus domestica subsp. caucasica Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 21 (1972)
Malus domestica var. coccineus (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus domestica subsp. hybrida Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. intermedia Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. italotaurica Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. medioasiatica Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. occidentalieuropaea Likhonos (1972)
Malus domestica var. paradisiaca (L.) Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974)
Malus domestica var. parmaenea Likhonos (1983)
Malus domestica var. ponderosus (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus domestica var. praecox (Mill.) Likhonos (1974)
Malus domestica subsp. pumila (Mill.) Likhonos (1983)
Malus domestica var. renettea Likhonos (1983)
Malus domestica var. roseus (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus domestica subsp. rossica Likhonos (1972)
Malus dulcissima var. subsessilis (C.K.Schneid.) Koidz. (1934)
Malus fontanesiana Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 2: 150 (1834)
Malus frutescens Medik. (1793)
Malus glabra A.Sav. (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus heterophylla Sumnev. in Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana: 52 (1942)
Malus hissarica Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 158 (1950)
Malus hissarica var. heterogena Kudr. (1950)
Malus hissarica var. mironovii Kudr. (1950)
Malus hissarica var. variegata Kudr. (1950)
Malus jarmolenkoi Poljakov in Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapov. 7: 154 (1948)
Malus juzepczukii Vassilcz. in Proc. First All-Union Meet. Bot. Sel. 1 (1952)
Malus kudrjaschevii Sumnev. (1948)
Malus linczevskii Poljakov in Bjull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 55 (1950)
Malus livida A.Sav. (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus malus (L.) Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 275 (1894)
Malus medwietzkyana Dieck ex E.Goeze in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 9: 461 (1891)
Malus montalivetia Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck in Neuheiten-Off. Natl.-Arbor. Zöschen 1891: 16 (1891)
Malus paradisiaca (L.) Medik. (1793)
Malus paradisiaca var. pumila Koehne in Deut. Dendrol.: 259 (1893)
Malus paradisiaca var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch ex Koehne (1893)
Malus passipoma Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus passipoma alba Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 30 (1826)
Malus persicifolia (Popov) Sumnev. (1942)
Malus persicifolia var. popovii Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 283 (1955)
Malus praecox Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1271 (1803)
Malus praecox var. paradisiaca (L.) Vǎlev in Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 5: 347 (1973)
Malus praecox f. pyramidale V.V.Byalt & Firsov in Hortus Botanicus 13: 159 (2018)
Malus prasomila (L.) Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus prasomila augustiana Poit. & Turpin (1826)
Malus prasomila var. lutea-praecox Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus prasomila var. lutea-serotina Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus pumila Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: Malus n.° 3 (1768)
Malus pumila f. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus pumila var. joannis (Risso) D.Rivera (1997)
Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus pumila var. paradisiaca (L.) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus pumila f. pendula (R.Möller) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus pumila var. persicifolia Popov in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 432 (1929)
Malus pumila var. plena Bean in Hand-List Trees Shrubs, ed. 4: 181 (1934)
Malus pumila f. plena (Weston) Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 269 (1949)
Malus pumila subsp. praecox Mill. (1768)
Malus pumila var. praecox (Nyman) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus pumila var. subsessilis C.K.Schneid. in Bot. Gaz. 63: 400 (1917)
Malus pumila f. translucens (Hartwig) C.K.Schneid. (1906)
Malus rambura Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus rambura aestivalis Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus santonum A.Sav. (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus schischkinii Poljakov in Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapov. 7: 154 (1949)
Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. in Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 216 (1847)
Malus sieversii var. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii f. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis (Langenf.) Ponomar. in Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 8 (1992)
Malus sieversii f. cerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii var. chitralensis (Vassilcz.) Ponomar. (1992)
Malus sieversii var. dilatata Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii f. dragavzevii Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii var. dulcis Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii f. flava Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. flavorosea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. flavorubens Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. gilva Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. hemisphaerica Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61: 998 (1976)
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Likhonos (1974)
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. in Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus sieversii f. insipida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii f. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii var. juzepczukii (Vassilcz.) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. (1971)
Malus sieversii f. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii f. laetevirida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. (1971)
Malus sieversii var. longicarpa Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii f. longicarpa (Bykov) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii f. media Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. (1971)
Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. pamiralaica Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii f. pavlovii Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii var. persicifolia (Popov) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii f. poljakovii Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii f. pomacea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. reflexa Zaprjagaeva in Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 4: 342 (1975)
Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. schischkinii (Poljakov) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii f. schischkinii (Poljakov) Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii var. spherocarpa Bykov (1961)
Malus sieversii f. spherocarpa (Bykov) Langenf. (1991)
Malus sieversii f. suffusa Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. tianschanica (Sumnev.) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sieversii f. viridicerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridirubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridula Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus sieversii var. vvedenskyi Kudr. (1955)
Malus sieversii f. xanthella Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya (1978)
Malus spumosa Poit. & Turpin (1846)
Malus sylvestris var. frutescens Münchh. in Hausvater 5: 247 (1770)
Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) L.H.Bailey in Hortus Sec.: 457 (1941)
Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
Malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca (L.) L.H.Bailey (1941)
Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox (Nyman) Soó (1963)
Malus sylvestris var. praecox (Nyman) Ponomar. (1977)
Malus sylvestris subsp. pumila (Mill.) Domin in Preslia 13-15: 133 (1935)
Malus sylvestris subsp. sieversii (Ledeb.) Soó (1963)
Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa Holandre in Fl. Moselle, ed. 2, 1: 246 (1843)
Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch ex Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 208 (1866)
Malus tatarica K.Koch in Dendrologie 1: 204 (1869)
Malus tianschanica Sumnev. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 795 (1955)
Malus tomentosa Dum.Cours. (1811)
Malus turbinoides A.Sav. (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus umbellata Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 235 (1782)
Malus upsalensis Dippel (1893)
Malus violacea Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 44 (1835)
Malus violacea eyresii Poit. & Turpin (1835)
Malus viridis A.Sav. (1882 publ. 1883)
Pyrenia malus Clairv. in Man. Herbor. Suisse: 162 (1811)
Pyrus apiosa Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus armeniacifolia Dochnahl in Obstk. 1: 16 (1855)
Pyrus astracanica (Dum.Cours.) DC. in Prodr. 2: 635 (1825)
Pyrus cavillea Steud. (1821)
Pyrus cestiana Steud. (1821)
Pyrus chitralensis (Vassilcz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh. in Global Fl. 4: 100 (2018)
Pyrus dioica Moench in Verz. Ausländ. Bäume: 87 (1785)
Pyrus divisa Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 38 (1822)
Pyrus epirotica Steud. (1821)
Pyrus eryostyla (Moris) Guss. in Fl. Sicul. Prodr., Suppl.: 154 (1832)
Pyrus fontanesia Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 4: n.° 79 (1835)
Pyrus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 2: 423 (1841)
Pyrus malus L. in Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
Pyrus malus var. abortiva Druce in Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 35 (1923 publ. 1924)
Pyrus malus var. amara Hartm. in Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 2: 136 (1832)
Pyrus malus monstr. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus var. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1917)
Pyrus malus apetala Münchh. (1770)
Pyrus malus var. appiana Plinius ex Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 316 (1834)
Pyrus malus var. astracanica (Dum.Cours.) Loudon ex L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2870 (1916)
Pyrus malus lusus aucubifolia (J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn.) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus var. aucubifolia J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 320 (1864)
Pyrus malus var. austera Wallr. in Sched. Crit.: 215 (1822)
Pyrus malus var. cavillea L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 686 (1762)
Pyrus malus var. cestiana L. (1753)
Pyrus malus conica Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 160 (1827)
Pyrus malus subsp. conocarpa Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus costata Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus subsp. costata (Dierb.) Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus var. epirotica L. (1753)
Pyrus malus var. eriostyla Moris in Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 3 (1828)
Pyrus malus floribunda Tipping in Garden (London, 1871-1927) 80: 287 (1916)
Pyrus malus var. frutescens (Münchh.) Borkh. in Vers. Forstbot. Beschr.: 175 (1790)
Pyrus malus frutescens Münchh. (1770)
Pyrus malus fruticosa Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus var. hortensis Willk. in M.Willkomm & J.M.C.Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874)
Pyrus malus subsp. hortensis Cout. in Fl. Portugal: 290 (1913)
Pyrus malus hortensis Willk. (1874)
Pyrus malus subsp. megamila Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus var. minor K.Koch in Linnaea 19: 43 (1847)
Pyrus malus var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus lusus nigra (Dippel) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus oblongus N.Terracc. in Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 107 (1891)
Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. (1753)
Pyrus malus proles paradisiaca (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus pendula R.Möller in Gart.-Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 402 (1884)
Pyrus malus var. pendula (R.Möller) L.H.Bailey (1916)
Pyrus malus lusus pendula (R.Möller) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus plana Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus plena Weston in Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770)
Pyrus malus var. plena L.H.Bailey (1916)
Pyrus malus pleniflora Münchh. (1770)
Pyrus malus subsp. praecox Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 240 (1878)
Pyrus malus var. prasomila L. (1753)
Pyrus malus subsp. prasomila (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus var. pumila (Mill.) A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great
Britain 6: 1570 (1912)
Pyrus malus subsp. pumila (Mill.) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus regia Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus rosea Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus var. rossica Litv. in Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr: 198 (1917)
Pyrus malus var. rubelliana L. (1753)
Pyrus malus sargentii Anon. in J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 41(2): cxix (1915)
Pyrus malus var. sativa Weston (1770)
Pyrus malus var. sativa Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 117-118 (1812)
Pyrus malus var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Wenz. in Linnaea 38: 32 (1873)
Pyrus malus var. strepens Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus subsp. striata Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Pyrus malus striatofasciata Dierb. (1827)
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa Neilr. in Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 886 (1859)
Pyrus malus tomentosa Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 2: 96 (1843)
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch in Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 235 (1836)
Pyrus malus transitoria Anon. in Garden (London, 1871-1927) 86: 493 (1922)
Pyrus malus f. translucens Voss (1894)
Pyrus malus var. translucens Hartwig in Ill. Gehölzb.: 266 (1892)
Pyrus malus lusus translucens (Hartwig) Asch. & Graebn. (1906)
Pyrus malus var. ussuriensis Rupr. ex Koehne (1893)
Pyrus malus var. wojejkowii Litv. (1917)
Pyrus niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Hemsl. in Bot. Mag. 130: t. 7975 (1904)
Pyrus pollveria Lej. in Fl. Spa 2: 311 (1813)
Pyrus praecox Pall. in Fl. Ross. 1: 22 (1784)
Pyrus prasomila (L.) Steud. (1821)
Pyrus pulverulenta K.Koch (1869)
Pyrus pumila (Mill.) Steud. (1821)
Pyrus rubelliana Steud. (1821)
Pyrus saxatilis Schltdl. ex Ledeb. (1843)
Pyrus sieversii Bunge in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 222 (1830)
Pyrus songarica Fisch. ex Juz. (1939)
Pyrus sylvestris var. sativa Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 562 (1821 publ. 1822)
Pyrus tomentosa (Dum.Cours.) DC. (1825)
Sorbus malus (L.) Crantz in Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 57 (1763)

PUBLICATIONS

Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.

Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Chang, C.-S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2021). Checklist of Far East Asian Vascular Flora 2: 627-1887. EABCN, Seoul.

Dar, G.H. & Govaerts, R.H.A. (2025). Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Sind Valley 1: 1-606. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

Dash, S.S. & al. (2025). Flora of India 8: 1-531. Botanical Survey of India.

Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.

Hnatiuk, R.J. (1990). Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series 11: 1-650.

Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.

Ovczinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1975). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 4: 1-576. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.

Park, C.W. (ed.) in Lee, Yong No (2024). Flora of Korea 5a-2: 1-70. Kyo-Hak Publ. Co., Ltd.

Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.

Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.

Stalažs, A. (2024). List of vascular plants of Latvia (with Latvian names): 1-312. Dobele.

Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census.

VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Appel
Albanian: Mollë
Amharic: ፖም
Arabic: تفاح قزم
Armenian: խնձոր - Խնձորենի կուլտուրական
Austria: Kulturapfel
Azerbaijani: Alma
Belarusian: Яблыня дамашняя
Bengali: আপেল
Bosnian: Jabuka
Bunun: Pingku
Burmese: ပန်းသီး
Catalan: Pomera
Cebuano: Mansanas
Chinese (simplified): 大苹果 - 林檎 - 柰 - 栽培苹果 - 洋苹果 - 苹果 - 西洋苹果
Chinese (traditional): 蘋果
Choctaw: Takkon Chito Ʋpi
Corsican: Mela
Croatian: Jabuka
Czech: Jablko, Jabloň domácí, Jabloň zakrslá
Danish: æble, Almindelig Æble, Sød Æble, Sød-æble
Dutch: Appel, Eetappel
English: Apple, Apple tree, Common apple, Domestic apple, Orchard apple
Esperanto: Pomo
Estonian: Aed-õunapuu, Madal õunapuu, õun
Filipino: Mansanas
Finnish: Omena, Tarhaomenapuu
French: Pomme, Pommier commun
Frisian: Appel
Galician: Mazá
Georgian: ვაშლის
German: Kulturapfel
Greek: μήλο
Gujarati: સફરજન
Haitian Creole: Pòm
Hawaiian: ʻāpala
Hebrew: תפוח תרבותי
Hindi: सेब Seb
Hungarian: Alma, Nemes alma
Icelandic: Epli
Igbo: Apụl, Udara
Indonesia: Apel
Irish: Ull
Italian: Mela, Melo, Pomo
Japanese: セイヨウリンゴ - リンゴ - りんご
Java: Apel
Kannada: Sebu
Kazakh: алма
Khmer: ផ្លែប៉ោម
Kinyarwanda: Pome
Korean: 사과 - 사과나무
Kurdish: Sêv
Kyrgyz: алма
Láadan: Doyu
Lao: ໝາກໂປມ
Latin: Malum
Latvian: ābele, ābols, ābolu, Mājas ābele
Lesotho: Apole
Lithuania: Naminė obelis, Obelis, Obuolys, Žemoji obelis
Luxembourgish: Apel
Macedonian: Jаболко
Malagasy: Paoma
Malayalam: ആപ്പിൾ
Malaysia: Apel
Malayu: Epal
Maltese: Tuffieħ, Tuffieħa
Manipuri: Bilaiti heitup
Maori: Aporo, āporo
Marathi: Sapharchand
Mongolian: алим
Nepali: स्याउ Syaau
Norwegian: Eple, Paradiseple
Odia: ଆପଲ୍
Ojibwe: Mishiimin, Mishiiminaatig, Mishiiminagaawanzh
Oriya: ଆପଲ୍
Pashto: مڼه
Persian: سیب
Polish: Jabłko, Jabłoń domowa
Portuguese: Macieira, Maçã
Punjabi: ਸੇਬ
Romani: Phabai
Romanian: Măr
Russian: Яблоня домашняя - Яблоня карликовая
Samoan: Apu
Sanskrit: Seva, Badara, Mushtinanan, Seba
Scottish Gaelic: Ubhal
Serbian: Jабука
Shona: Apuro
Sindhi: انب
Sinhala: ඇපල්
Slovak: Jabloň domáca, Jabloň nízka
Somali: Tufaax
Sotho: Apole
Spanish: Manzana, Manzana agria, Manzano
Swedish: Apel, Ananasäpple, Ananaskanel, Anderstorpsäpple, Anisäpple, Anneroäpple, Appelträd, Arvidsäpple, Augustiäpple, Kulturapel, Rött ananasäpple, Trädgårdsapel
Tagalog: Mansanas
Thai: แอปเปิล
Turkish: Elma
Ukrainian: Яблуня домашня
Urdu: سیب Seb
Vietnam: Pom
Welsh: Afal
Xhosa: Apile
Yiddish: עפּל
Zapoteco: Belehui

Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium